MUHTASARI WA KIKAO CHA WANAUKOO WA MALINGO CHA 28.06.2026

MUHTASARI WA KIKAO CHA WANA UKOO WA MALINGO KILICHOKETI TAREHE 28/06/2026 KWENYE MJI WA MAREHEMU MZEE METHUSELA KAJANA MALINGO. WAJUMBE: Kikao kilihudhuriwa na Wajumbe wapatao 30. Kilisimamiwa na Bigambo Aman aliyekuwa M/kiti, Dishon Kajana Malingo aliyekuwa Katibu na Seleman Ediga Kajana aliyekuwa mweka kumbukumbu wa Kikao (Mwandishi). AGENDA: 1. KUFUNGUA KIKAO Kikao kilifunguliwa na M/kiti wa kikao ndugu Bigambo Aman mnamo saa 3:25 alasiri. M/kiti aliwashukuru wajumbe kwa kutoa muda wao na kuhudhuria kikao. Kabla ya kuanza kikao, ombi la kukiweka kikao uweponi mwa Bwana lililetwa na Mke wa Marehemu Methusela Kajana Malingo Bi Mariam Matama. 2. UTAMBULISHO Baada ya kikao kufunguliwa mwenyekiti alifanya utambulisho wa wajumbe wote waliokuwepo kwenye kikao. Zoezi hili la utambulisho lilisaidia wajumbe kufahamiana kwa kina. 3. KUSOMWA KWA MUHTASARI WA KIKAO KILICHOPITA Muhtasari wa kikao kilichopita cha tarehe 26/02/2025 ulisomwa na Katibu wa Vikao vya Ukoo wa Malingo Ndugu DISHON KAJANA MALINGO. Kupitia muhtasari huu, wajumbe waliweza kufahamu kwa kina kile kilichoazimiwa kwenye kikao husika. Aidha tathmini ya yale yaliyohitaji utekelezaji ilifanyika. 4. MABADILIKO YA TAREHE YA KUFANYIKA KWA VIKAO VYA UKOO WA MALINGO Kutokana na kuwepo kwa changamoto kwa tarehe iliyokuwa imependekezwa hapo awali yaani 30/7 kila mwaka, kikao kiliazimia kufanya mabadiliko na kupendekeza tarehe 28/6 kila mwaka kuwa tarehe ya kufanyika kwa vikao vya ukoo wa Malingo kila mwaka. 5. KUWEKA ALAMA KWENYE MIPAKA PAMOJA NA URASIMISHAJI WA ARDHI YA UKOO Kikao kiliazimia kuwa ili kuondoa migogoro kati ya ardhi ya uzao wa Maingu Malingo na Kajana Malingo, ziwekwe alama zikazokuwa utambulisho wa kudumu kati vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo. Sanjari na hilo, kikao pia kiliazimia kurasimisha ardhi hii na kupata hati miliki yake ili kuondoa mgogoro kati ya wana ukoo na serikali. Jukumu la kurasimisha ardhi hii lilikasimishwa kwa Judith Kajana Malingo ili afuatilie michakato yote husika. 6. UDUMISHAJI WA MAADILI NDANI YA UKOO Kikao kilibaini uwepo wa wana ukoo ambao wamefikisha umri wa kuoa na hawajaoa kwa sababu zao zisizo na msingi wowote. Hili linaonesha kushuka kwa maadili ndani ya ukoo. Kwa hoja hii, kikao kilitoa azimio kuwa kwa wana ukoo wote walio katika ukapera usio na sababu zozote wanatakiwa kuwa wameoa mara tutakapo kutana kwenye kikao kijacho cha tarehe 28/06/2027 kama tukijaliwa uzima. 7. KUDUMISHA UDUGU NA USHIRIKIANO NDANI YA UKOO. Ili kudumisha mshikamano na udugu ndani ya ukoo, kikao kiliazimia kuwa wana ukoo wote hawana budi kujumuika kwa pamoja katika matukio mbalimbali ya kijamii ikiwepo misiba na sherehe. Aidha kujuliana hali kwa wanandugu ni suala muhimu katika kudumisha udugu hivyo halina budi kufanyika mara kwa mara. 8. UJENZI WA KABURI LA MASIGE MALINGO Kutokana na kaburi hili kuwa katika hali mbaya, kikao kiliazimia kwa pamoja kufanyika kwa ujenzi wa dharura ili kulinusuru lisiharibike na hatimaye kupotea kabisa. Wana ukoo walikubaliana kila mwana ukoo kutoa mchango ili kukamilsha ujenzi wa kaburi hili linalogharimu kiasi cha Tsh 300,000/=. Ujenzi unatarajiwa kufanyika haraka iwezekanavyo ndani ya mwezi Agosti mwaka 2026. 9. HOJA YA KUIMARISHA UCHUMI MIONGONI MWA WANA UKOO. Imebainika kuwa wana ukoo walio wengi hawana shughuli za kuwaingizia kipato hali inayozorotesha uchangiaji katika matukio mbalimbali ndani ya ukoo. Kutokana na hali hii, kikao kiliazimia kwa kutoa ushauri kwa kila mwana ukoo kutafuta shughuli ya kufanya ili kujiimarisha kiuchumi. Aidha kikao kilitoa rai kwa wana ukoo kujiunga katika vikundi mbalimbali vya kijamii ili kupata msaada wa kijamii pale wanapopatwa na matatizo mbalimbali. Hili lilienda sambamba na kuwahimiza wana ukoo wote wanaoishi mikoa mbalimbali nchini kujiunga na Nzengo ili kutambulika na kupata msada wa haraka pale wanapopata matatizo mbalimbali hususani misiba. 10. MENGINEYO. Katika hoja hii ya mengineyo, mambo kadhaa yalibainishwa na wana ukoo kama ifuatavyo: a) Kuna wana ukoo ambao watoto wao hawafahamiki kwa wana ukoo. Kutokana na kuwepo kwa jambo hili, kikao kilitoa rai kwa wana ukoo kutambulisha watoto wao kwa kuwaleta nyumbani kwenye chimbuko lao hili wana ukoo waweze kuwafahamu. b) Kuna baadhi ya makaburi ya wana ukoo hayafahamiki yalipo. Kikao kiliazimia kuwa makaburi hayo yatafutwe na yabainishwe yalipo ili taratibu zingine za kuyaweka katika hali nzuri ziweze kufanyika. Mfano ni kaburi la Bibi Nyamarwa ambaye ni mke wa Mzee Malingo Melijo halifahamiki lilipo. c) Kikao kijacho kilipangwa kufanyika Siku ya Jumatatu tarehe 28/6/2027 kwenye mji wa marehemu Mzee Methusela Kajana Malingo. Aidha michango ya ufanikishaji wa kikao hicho unatakiwa kukamilika mwezi mmoja kabla ya tarehe ya kikao. 11. KUFUNGA KIKAO Baada ya kikao kuhitimisha agenda zake, mwenyekiti ndugu Bigambo Amani aliwashukuru wajumbe kwa michango yao chanya na uvumilivu wao waliouonesha tangu kuanza kwa kikao mpaka muda wa kuhitimisha. Aidha mjumbe yule yule aliyeleta ombi la ufunguzi alitoa ombi kwa mara nyingine akimshukuru Mungu kwa namna alivyokiongoza kikao kufanyika katika hali ya utulivu. Baada ya sala hiyo mwenyekiti alihitimisha kikao yapata saa 6:40 jioni kwa kuwasihi wajumbe kuonesha mwitikio huo huo katika kikao kijacho mwezi Juni 2027. Muhtasari huu umeandaliwa na ndugu Seleman Ediga Kajana (Mweka kumbukumbu) Leo Tarehe 28/06/2026.

Labels: HABARI, MAKALA

MUHTASARI WA KIKAO CHA WANA UKOO KILICHOFANYIKA TAREHE 26/02/2025 KATIKA MSIBA WA MZEE METHUSELA KAJANA MARINGO. WAJUMBE: Kikao kilihudhuriwa na Wajumbe wapatao 50. Kilisimamiwa na Malembo Aman aliyekuwa M/kiti, Dishon Maringo aliyekuwa Katibu na Seleman Kajana aliyekuwa mweka kumbukumbu wa Kikao (Mwandishi). AGENDA: 1. KUFUNGUA KIKAO Kikao kilifunguliwa na M/kiti wa kikao ndugu Malembo Aman mnamo saa 3:00 usiku. M/kiti aliwashukuru wajumbe kwa kutoa muda wao na kuhudhuria kikao. Kabla ya kuanza kikao, ombi la kukiweka kikao uweponi mwa Bwana lililetwa na mmoja wa wajumbe wa kikao. 2. KERO MBALIMBALI ZINAZO ZOROTESHA MAENDELEO YA UKOO Baada ya kufunguliwa kwa kikao, wajumbe waliweza kuibua mambo kadha wa kadha ambayo yalionekana kama kero zinazoweza kuharibu ustawi wa Ukoo kama ifuatavyo: a) Kutokuwepo kwa vikao vya mara kwa mara vya ukoo Matatizo na migogoro mbalimbali ndani ya ukoo yamesababishwa na kutokuwepo kwa vikao vya mara kwa mara katika ukoo. Kutokana na umuhimu wa kuwepo kwa vikao hivi, wajumbe kupitia kikao hiki, wameazimia kuwepo kwa Kikao cha ukoo kitakachokuwa kinafanyika mara moja kwa mwaka kila ifikapo tarehe 30 ya mwezi Julai. Kwa mantiki hii kikao cha kwanza kilipangwa kufanyika Tarehe 30/7/2026. Wajumbe wote waliridhia kuwa vikao vyote vitakuwa vikifanyika Katika Kijiji cha BUSAMBARA ambako ndiko liliko chimbuko la waasisi wa Ukoo wetu. Hivyo kila mjumbe atakayehudhuria kikao hicho anapaswa kutoa kiasi cha shilingi 10,000/= za Kitanzania kama gharama ya uendeshaji wa shughuli nzima za kikao. Na mchango unapaswa kuwasilishwa mwezi mmoja kabla ya Tarehe ya kikao. b) Hoja ya kulima hadi kwenye makaburi Iliibuliwa hoja kuwa kuna wana ukoo wanaolima ardhi iliyoachwa na waasisi wetu kulima hadi kwenye makaburi yaliyohifadhi miili ya wapendwa wetu waliotangulia mbele za haki. Kikao kupitia wajumbe wake kiliazimia kuwa, wanaolima ardhi hiyo waache walau Mita tatu (3) kuzunguka pande zote za eneo la Makaburi ili kuondoa kero ya kulima hadi kwenye Makaburi. c) Mustakabari wa utatuzi wa mgogoro wa matumizi ya ardhi ya ukoo Kumekuwepo kwa migogoro kuhusu ardhi iliyoachwa na waasisi wetu wa ukoo. Hii imepelekea baadhi ya wana ukoo kutosalimiana hadi kufikia hatua ya kushikana uchawi kwa sababu ya mashamba haya ya ukoo. Kuhusiana na mgogoro huu kikao kiliazimia kufanya yafuatayo:  Ardhi hii igawanywe upya katika sehemu mbili ambazo ni Uzao wa Maingu Maringo na Kajana Maringo na mipaka iwekwe upya.  Kila uzao uangalie namna nzuri ya kuweza kutumia ardhi hii bila kusababisha migogoro yoyote na sehemu moja ya Uzao isiingalie ardhi isiyowahusu isipokuwa kwa makubaliano maalumu.  Ukoo uangalie nmna ya kusajili ardhi ya ukoo huu ili umiliki wake utambulike kwa nyaraka za kiserkali. Hii itasaidia kuondoa migogoro kati ya Ukoo na Serikali pale Serikali itakapokuwa na maamuzi mengine ya matumizi ya ardhi hii ya ukoo. d) Hoja ya wana ukoo kutotambuana Katika kikao hiki ilibainika kuwa wana ukoo wengi hawafahamiani. Hivyo kwa kutumia Siku ya kuanua Matanga yaani Tarehe 27/02/2025 kikao kiliazimia ufanyike utambulisho wa kipekee ili wana ukoo wote waweze kufahamiana kwa kina. e) Hoja ya kuwepo kwa utovu wa nidhamu (Indiscipline cases) Kikao kilibaini kuwepo kwa watoto wenye nidhamu mbaya ndani ya ukoo. Na katika uchunguzi wa awali, kikao kilibaini utovu huo wa nidhamu miongoni mwa watoto, unasababishwa na malezi wanayokutana nayo ndani ya familia zao. Hivyo kikao kilitoa rai kwa wazazi wao kutoa malezi yenye maadili yatakayowasaidia watoto wao kuwa na nidhamu ndani na nje ya ukoo. 3. MENGINEYO a. Katika kipengele hiki cha mengineyo, mjumbe (Dishon Maringo) alibainisha kero yake ambayo iliwalenga moja kwa moja dada zake na wadogo zake wa kike kutowapa ushirikiano Mawifi zao na kuwasubiri waharibu ili wawaseme. Akiwasilisha hoja hiyo, mtoa hoja alibainisha kuwa dada hawa wanatakiwa kuwa marafiki kwa Mawifi zao ili kuwaelekeza wanayotakiwa kufanya katika matukio makubwa kama haya. Ili kuondoa kadhia hii kikao kiliazimia tabia hiyo kukomeshwa mara moja ili kujenga uhusiano wenye afya. b. Kuhusu wana ukoo wasiotoa michango kwenye matukio ya misiba. Kwa wale waliobainika kutotoa michango kwenye daftari la ukoo, waliombwa kuwasilisha michango hiyo haraka iwezekanavyo. 4. UCHAGUZI WA VIONGOZI WA VIKAO VYA UKOO Kupitia kikao hiki, wajumbe walipata fursa ya kufanya uchaguzi wa kuwapata viongozi watakao kuwa wakisimamia na kuratibu shughuli zote za vikao vya ukoo kama ifuatavyo: M/Kiti wa Vikao vya Ukoo atakuwa ni: BIGAMBO AMAN Katibu wa Vikao vya Ukoo atakuwa ni: DISHON K. MARINGO Mhazini wa Vikao vya Ukoo atakuwa ni: JUDITH K. MARINGO 5. KUFUNGA KIKAO Baada ya kikao kufanyika kwa masaa manne na nusu, Mwenyekiti ndugu Malembo Aman aliwashukuru wajumbe kwa uvumilivu wao kisha akatamatisha shughuli zote za kikao hicho majira ya saa Saba 7:20 usiku na kutoa nafasi kwa wajumbe kwenda kupumzika. Muhtasari huu wa kikao umeandaliwa na ndugu Seleman Melijo Kajana Aliyekuwa Mweka kumbukumbu za Kikao (Mwandishi)

MARIAM MANUMBU NYAMWERO

KUZALIWA; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero, alizaliwa tarehe 14/06/1961 katika kijiji cha Bunere kata ya Nansimo wilaya ya Bunda mkoa w a Mara. ELIMU; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero ,alibahatika kupata elimu ya msingi katika Shule ya Msingi Nambaza mwaka 1969 na kuhitimu elimu ya msingi mwaka 1976. Baada ya kuhitimu Elimu ya msingi alifanya kazi katika kiwanda cha nguo Mutex kilichopo hapa mjini Musoma ,kisha alipata Redandance na akafanya kazi ya secretary katika ofisi ya TRA Musoma mjini. DINI; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,aliamini na alibatizwa mwaka 2014 katika kanisa la Victoria living church. NDOA; Mariamu manumbu nyamwero,aliolewa mwaka 1980 na ndugu .Gervas Mrisho Maganga mkazi wa Musoma Mjini na kubahatika kuzaa watoto 5,wa kiume 4 wakike 1. BIASHARA; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,alijishighulisha na kazi ya ujasiriamali wa biashara ya nafaka kwa muda mrefu hadi umauti unamkuta. UGONJWA; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,alianza kuugua mwaka 2016 ugonjwa wa pressure na kisukari hatimaye ilipofika mwaka 2021 akapata ugonjwa wa kiharusi, aliendelea na kupata matibabu katika hospitali mbalimbali ikiwemo hospitali ya mkoa wa Mara. KIFO; Marehemu Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,alifariki siku ya Jumanne tarehe 28/03/2023 majira ya saa 4 asubuhi akiwa anapatiwa matibabu katika hospitali ya mkoa wa Mara. FAMILIA; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,ameacha mume na watoto 5,wajukuu26na kitukuu 1. SHUKRANI; Tunashukuru kwa jitihada za madaktari walio kuwa wakimpatia matibabu,ndugu,jamaa na marafiki. BWANA ALITOA NA BWANA AMETWAA, JINA LA BWANA LIHIMIDIWE.AMINA.

HISTORIA YA MARIAM MANUMBU NYAMWERO

HISTORIA YA MARIAMU MANUMBU NYAMWERO ENZI YA UHAI WAKE. KUZALIWA; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero, alizaliwa tarehe 14/06/1961 katika kijiji cha Bunere kata ya Nansimo wilaya ya Bunda mkoa wa Mara. ELIMU; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero ,alibahatika kupata elimu ya msingi katika Shule ya Msingi Nambaza mwaka 1969 na kuhitimu elimu ya msingi mwaka 1976. Baada ya kuhitimu Elimu ya msingi alifanya kazi katika kiwanda cha nguo Mutex kilichopo hapa mjini Musoma ,kisha alipata Redandance na akafanya kazi ya secretary katika ofisi ya TRA Musoma mjini. DINI; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,aliamini na alibatizwa mwaka 2014 katika kanisa la Victoria living church. NDOA; Mariamu manumbu nyamwero,aliolewa mwaka 1980 na ndugu .Gervas Mrisho Maganga mkazi wa Musoma Mjini na kubahatika kuzaa watoto 5,wa kiume 4 wakike 1. BIASHARA; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,alijishighulisha na kazi ya ujasiriamali wa biashara ya nafaka kwa muda mrefu hadi umauti unamkuta. UGONJWA; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,alianza kuugua mwaka 2016 ugonjwa wa pressure na kisukari hatimaye ilipofika mwaka 2021 akapata ugonjwa wa kiharusi, aliendelea na kupata matibabu katika hospitali mbalimbali ikiwemo hospitali ya mkoa wa Mara. KIFO; Marehemu Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,alifariki siku ya Jumanne tarehe 28/03/2023 majira ya saa 4 asubuhi akiwa anapatiwa matibabu katika hospitali ya mkoa wa Mara. FAMILIA; Mariamu Manumbu Nyamwero,ameacha mume na watoto 5,wajukuu26na kitukuu 1. SHUKRANI; Tunashukuru kwa jitihada za madaktari walio kuwa wakimpatia matibabu,ndugu,jamaa na marafiki. BWANA ALITOA NA BWANA AMETWAA, JINA LA BWANA LIHIMIDIWE.AMINA.

Labels: HABARI, KUNIHUSU

ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL BY KAJANA

TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE. i

AKNOWLEDGEMENT. ii

TOPIC 1.TENSES. 1

TOPIC 2. PARTS OF SPEECH. 9

TOPIC 3. WORD RELATION. 45

TOPIC 4. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE. 52

TOPIC 5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH. 58

TOPIC 6: TAG QUESTION’S USAGE. 65

TOPIC 7:CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 70

TOPIC 8: WRITING SKILLS. 74

TOPIC 10. FAMILY TREE. 75

SAMPLE OF STANDARD VII NECTA QUESTIONS 2013&2015. 78

THE LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH. 94

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 102

SIMPLIFIED

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL

Seleman M. Kajana

PREFACE

This book is written for primary school English Teachers and Pupils in Tanzania. It contains grammar and writing skills to increase students’ functional competences. Currently, many teachers and students inclusively have been lacking relevant materials about English Grammar, something that poses challenges in the whole processes of learning and teaching. It is from that pressure I have come up with this idea of writing this work. It is my hope that this book of SIMPLIFIED ENGLISH GRAMMAR is now coming to cater all English related demands which were hindrances among learners and teachers in this field of Linguistics.

The topics covered have been shown clearly within the table of content. May God lead you all when reading this book so that you can be enriched as much as you demand. Thank you very much.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank God for the life and health that has continued to bless me enough to present this work in writings before the public and to all readers regardless of their area of specialization. May God’s name the almighty be praised amen!!!!.

May I take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to the parents of mine for their care and support that they are continuing to give me. Their assistance and encouragement have boasted me to strive in my studies as the result I have fulfilled my dream of knocking to the university doors.

Once again, I extend my special thanks to the teachers who taught me English subject in different levels from primary school to the university level. Their encouragement and knowledge they imparted made me diligent and competent in this field of Linguistics

Lastly I would like to extend my special gratitude to my fellow students and friends from different universities UDOM in particular. Their heart giving and encouragement have made this work complete on time. May you be ALL blessed.

TOPIC 1.TENSES

There are TWO tenses in English language; present and past. There is no future tense. Let me clarify it.
What is tense? Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines tense as: Any of the forms of a verb that may be used to show the time of the action or state expressed by the verb.
Now what is time? Time is a universal concept with three divisions: present, past and future. Now look at the forms of the verb. Each main verb in English language has six different forms. e.g. Go:
1. Go = Base form
2. go = general present
3. goes = 3rd person singular
4. went = past
5. going = present participle
6. gone = past participle
All the above six forms refer either to present time or to past time. There is no form of the verb which can refer to future time. Then how can we say that there is future tense? There is no future tense, rather we show future aspect with certain auxiliary verbs or with the help of present tense. A tense should show a verb contrast.

PRESENT TENSE

Simple present Tense
A sentence is presented in simple present tense when it is used to describe an action that's happening at present and does not indicate when the action is expected to end. Simple present tense is used when:

· The action that is taking place is general.

· The action is not only occurring now; it repeats after regular intervals of time.

· To indicate facts those are generally true.

· The action for relating habits and routines that happen all the time, be it in the future, past or present.

RULES:

For the 3^rd person pronouns in singular like she, he, it and nouns in singular the verb is always added ies, es or s person and second person and all nouns in plural add nothing to the verb. This means the verb remains unchanged.

Some Examples:

i. The sun sets in the west.

ii. All the cars stop at this crossing.

iii. Michael teaches social studies in a school.

iv. They always fetch some water here.

v. He does not go to the temple.

We always use does and do to ask questions

She , he, it and nouns in singular use does. Rule: does +s+ verb in its base form

you, they, we ,I and nouns in plural use do. Rule: do +s +verb in its base form

examples:

i. Do you play tennis?

ii. Does he write novels?

Simple present can be indicated by adverbs like: always regularly. Frequently often, sometimes, actually, normally, All the time, and all adverbs starting with every

Present Continuous
Though, simple present and present continuous tenses are used interchangeably, present continuous usually defines an act that is going on at the time of speaking.

This tense is indicated by words like: now, at present, at moment. By this time etc

The sentences with present progressive tense are used when:

· Something is taking place now, while speaking and has a definite end as well.

· When something is already decided and arranged as well to perform it.

· To indicate an undesirable habit.

Structure:

S+ is +ing to the verb ( this is for he, she it and nouns in singular)

S +am +ing to the verb ( this is for I only)

S + are + ing to the verb (this is for they, you, we and nouns in plural)

Some Examples:

i. Shyam is talking to Mary.

ii. I am playing football.

iii. Are they still living here?

iv. She is having her breakfast now.

v. I’m planning to meet the Director tonight.

Present Perfect Tense
It's probably the most used tense form in English Grammar and is also considered difficult to understand. The Present Perfect Tense explains the incident that has happened in the past and that continues until the present time.
The rule to consider:

S + has + the verb in past participle (this is used by he, she. It and nouns in singular)

S + have +the verb in past participle (this is used by I, they, you, we and nouns in plural)

Examples

i. Students have known to speak English

ii. They have built good house

iii. It has drunk the water

iv. She has gone to school..

v. I have always wanted to ride on this vehicle.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Usually, Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used for a situation that has occurred in the past and which continues until that moment.
Rules:

S + has +been +ing to the verb (this goes with she, it , he and nouns in singular)

S + have +been +ing to the verb (this goes with they, you, I, and nouns in plural)

use

· ‘Since’— if the point of time is mentioned.

· ‘For’ — if the duration of time is specified.

Examples:

i. I have been eating apples today.

ii. You have not been studying for the past month.

iii. We haven’t been playing with Mary since Tuesday.

Past Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense is used to narrate an action of the past. The verb in the past tense ends with an '-ed’ except to irregular verbs.
Rule:

S +verb in past form

Examples:

i. Katie worked in that office for almost four years.

ii. He passed away in 1999.

iii. We went for the movie yesterday.

iv. Three years ago, I studied at the Canada University.

Past Continuous Tense
This form of tense indicates activities that have already happened in the past and have been completed before the time of mention. These sentences are formed with the help of an auxiliary verb and giving the main verb an 'ing' ending.
Rules;

S + was +ing to the verb (this goes with I, he, she, it and nouns in singular form)

S + were +ing to the verb (this goes with we, you, they and nouns in plural form)

Examples:

i. He was washing the dishes, while she was cooking dinner.

ii. I was working at 11p.m yesterday.

iii. We were playing football when it started to rain.

iv. She was reading a thriller novel when I called her.

v. What were you doing when Sam arrived?

vi. I was walking down the street yesterday when the police van was patrolling the city.

Past Perfect Tense
This tense refers to a non-continuous action that was already completed in the past. Such sentences are formed by using the Simple Past form of the auxiliary verb 'to have', followed by the past participle form of the verb.
Rule:

S + had +verb in past participle

This rule is applicable to all noun or pronouns

Example:

i. I had never seen such a beautiful before.

ii. she had read the book.

iii. we had not cooked some food .

Past Perfect Continuous Tense
A continuous action that was completed sometime in the past falls under Past Perfect Continuous tense. Such sentences are framed by using the modal, 'had' + 'been' + the present participle-oftheverb (-ing).
Structure:
Subject + had + been + ing to the verb + object
Example:

i. I had been playing the guitar all morning.

ii. I had been sleeping all the way from the beginning of the class.

iii. He had been trying to call her.

iv. Until this year, Neha had been going to a village school.

v. The baby had been crying out loud for minutes when her mother fed her.

Expressing events in Future Time
Simple Future time
This time is used for those sentences which refer to the actions which will occur later, in future. For making this possible will/ shall are used.

Rule:

S+ will/shall + the verb in base form
use will for he,she,it ,they,you and all nouns.

Use shall for I and we only

Examples:

i. She will not come tomorrow.

ii. Will you come to play with me after school?

iii. I shall keep in touch with you.

iv. I shall reach home by 7p.m.

v. He will stay with us for 3 days.

However, nowadays this distinction of 'will' and 'shall' is not followed. Instead, 'will' is used wherever absolute conviction is required to be expressed while the usage of 'shall' depends on individual writing style

Future Continuous Time
This tense defines those acts which will be continued at a future point of time. In order to form a future continuous tense sentence, a future auxiliary verb is required followed by a main verb that ends with-ing.

Structure:
will/ shall +be + ing to the verb

Examples:

i. She will be winning the elections that are to be held at the end of April.

ii. Today, she will be walking all the way to her house from her office.

iii. I will be watching the new movie next week.

iv. By this time tomorrow, I will be at home watching T.V.

Future Perfect Time
This tense is used to express an act that is predicted to be finished within a certain span of time in the future. Such sentences are formed by

Rule:

Shall/ will' + 'have' + 'past participle of the verb'.
Examples:

i. By the end of the year, he will have saved enough for his sister’s wedding.

ii. You will have left for London by the time this bridge gets renewed.

iii. Calvin will have gone by the time you reach there by bus.

iv. I will have walked 15 kms by this time.

Future Perfect Continuous time
This time form indicates an action that is continuous and, at some point in the future, it will be completed. It is formed using the modal

Rule:

Will/shall' + 'have' + 'been' + 'the present participle of the verb(-ing)'.

Examples:

i. Next Saturday, I will have been working on this assignment for three years.

ii. Tomorrow, at this time, I shall have been playing cricket since morning.

iii. I will have been studying English for two hours by the time you arrive here.

TOPIC 2. PARTS OF SPEECH

1.0 NOUNS

In traditional grammar, nouns are words that refer to people, places, things, or abstract ideas.

Proper Nouns

Proper nouns are nouns that refer to specific entities. Writers of English capitalize proper nouns to show their distinction from common nouns.

The names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns.

Monday January July

Tuesday February August

The names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns.

New Year’s Day Veterans' Day

Mother’s Day Independence

Valentine’s Day Labor Day

The names of people who live in a particular country are also proper nouns.

Country	Nationality	Language
Afghanistan	Afghan	Persian - Pashto
Argentina	Argentine	Spanish
Australia	Australian	English
Belgium	Belgian	French / Flemish
Bolivia	Bolivian	Spanish
Brazil	Brazilian	Portuguese
Cambodia	Cambodian	Cambodian
Cameroon	Cameroonian	French / English
Canada	Canadian	English / French
Chile	Chilean	Spanish
China	Chinese	Chinese
Colombia *	Colombian	Spanish
Costa Rica	Costa Rican	Spanish
Cuba	Cuban	Spanish
Denmark	Danish (Dane)	Danish
Dominican Republic	Dominican	Spanish
Ecuador	Ecuadorian	Spanish
Egypt	Egyptian	Arabic
El Salvador	Salvadorian	Spanish
England	English	English
Estonia	Estonian	Estonian
Ethiopia	Ethiopian	Amharic
Finland	Finnish	Finnish
France	French	French
Germany	German	German
Ghana	Ghanaian	English
Greece	Greek	Greek
Guatemala	Guatemalan	Spanish
Haiti	Haitian	French / Creole
Honduras	Honduran	Spanish
Indonesia	Indonesian	Indonesian
Iran	Iranian	Persian
Ireland	Irish	Irish / English

Common Nouns

Are the general/non-specific names of people, animals, places and things. For example, school is a common noun. It does not refer to a specific school. It could be any school.

Common nouns do not use a capital letter unless they are the first word in a sentence

All names referred to people’s jobs are common nouns. Some of them are as follow:

Artist : a person who deals with literary works

Dentist: a doctor who is specialized in teeth problems

Driver: a person who drives a car

Accountant: a person who deals with financial management

Chemist : is a person who studies chemistry

Dancer : Is a person whose work is to dance

Diplomat: is a person who mediates the countries which are inconflict

Doctor: is a person who treats sick people

Farmer ; a person who works in a farm

Judge: is a person who gives judgment of different cases in high courts

Lawyer : a person who has studied law issues

Librarian: is a person who works in a library

Musician: is a person who composes and sings music

Nurse: a person who take care of sick people in hospital

Pharmacist : Is a person deals with the distribution of medicines in hospital.

Photographer: is a person who takes pictures of the other people by camera

Pilot : is a person who flies an aero plane

Secretary: is a person who writes different documents in a certain office.

Teacher: a person who teaches at school

Veterinarian: a specialized person who treats animal

Countable Nouns

These are nouns which can be counted. They are like bikes, book, children etc

In addition, countable nouns can co-occur with quantificational determiners, e.g. several bikes, many people etc

Uncountable Nouns or Mass Nouns

Conversely, some nouns are not countable and are called uncountable nouns or mass nouns. Substances, liquids, and powders are entities that are often signified by mass nouns such as wood, sand, water, and flour. Other examples would be milk, air, furniture, freedom, rice, and intelligence.

Collective Nouns

In general, collective nouns are nouns that refer to a group of something in a specific manner. Often, collective nouns are used to refer to groups of animals, people and the other things. Consider the following sentences.

A Doctrine of Doctors

A band of musicians

A basket of fruits

A board of directors

A bouquet of flowers

a bunch of/keys/bananas

A school of fish

A choir of singers

A class of students

A constellation/galaxy of stars

A crew of sailors

A crowd of people/ spectators

A fleet of ships

A flight of birds

A flock of birds/ tourists

A forest of trees

A Gaggle of Gossips

A Gaggle of Women

A gang of thieves

A hedge of bushes

A herd of cattle

A hive of bees

A Host of Angels

A Kindle of

A Knot of Toads

A library of books

A pair of shoes

A Parliament of Owls

A Pass of Asses

A range of mountains

A Sentence of Judges

A staff of employees

A Tabernacle of Bakers

Concrete Nouns

Concrete nouns are nouns that can be touched, smelled, seen, felt, or tasted. Steak, table, dog, Maria, salt, and wool are all examples of concrete nouns.

Concrete nouns can be perceived by at least one of our senses.

Abstract Nouns

In these sentences, the abstract nouns refer to concepts, ideas, philosophies, and other entities that cannot be concretely perceived.

Concepts like God, angel, freedom, love, power, and redemption are all examples of abstract nouns.

SINGULARITY AND PLURALITY OF NOUNS

Singular Nouns

Nouns can be singular or plural.

When you are talking about just one thing or person, use a singular noun.

For example:

a tent a park an idea

a taxi a doctor an oven

a house a lady an exercise

Plural Nouns

Use a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things.

Just add s to make most nouns plural.

Singular plural singular plural

a computer computers a mountain mountains

a chair chairs a river rivers

a train trains an envelope envelopes

a player players an insect insects

a teacher teachers an oven ovens

a taxi taxis an uncle uncles

Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or x, are made plural by adding es.

singular plural singular plural

bus buses sandwich sandwiches

glass glasses witch witches

dress dresses brush brushes

branch branches flash flashes

church churches box boxes

beach beaches fox foxes

Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to iand addinges.

Singular plural

baby babies

family families

story stories

teddy teddies

fairy fairies

puppy puppies

housefly houseflies

library libraries

city cities

lily lilies

party parties

dictionary dictionaries

Nouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s atthe end.

Singular plural singular plural

key keys day days

monkey monkeys tray trays

donkey donkeys runway runways

toy toys chimney chimneys

boy boys trolley trolleys

cowboy cowboys valley valleys

Many nouns that end in f are made plural by changing the f to v and adding es.

Singular plural

half halves

leaf leaves

shelf shelves

wolf wolves

thief thieves

But some nouns that end in f are made plural simply by adding s.

singular plural

chief chiefs

roof roofs

handkerchief handkerchiefs

cliff cliffs

puff puffs

Some nouns that end in f can be made plural in two ways.

singular plural

scarf scarfs or scarves

hoof hoofs or hooves

dwarf dwarfs or dwarves

wharf wharfs or wharves

Most nouns that end in fe are made plural by changing the f to v and adding s.

singular plural

knife knives

wife wives

life lives

midwife midwives

Most nouns that end in o are made plural by adding s.

singular plural

video videos

hippo hippos

zoo zoos

kangaroo kangaroos

But other nouns that end in o are made plural by adding es.

singular plural

tomato tomatoes

potato potatoes

hero heroes

Some nouns change spelling from the singular form to the plural.

singular plural

man men

woman women

tooth teeth

foot feet

goose geese

mouse mice

The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.

singular plural

sheep sheep (not sheeps)

dedeer deer (not deers)

fish fish (not fishes)

aircraft aircraft (not aircrafts)

salmon salmon (not salmons)

Some nouns are always plural.

Trouser glasses

shorts spectacles

jeans goggles

pants scissors

tights binoculars

pajamas pliers

sandals gloves

slippers clogs

boots socks

shoes

Masculine and Feminine Nouns

Masculine nouns are words for men, boys and male animals.

Feminine nouns are words for women, girls and female animals.

Masculine feminine masculine feminine

nephew niece boy girl

king queen man woman

prince princess father mother

emperor empress son daughter

wizard witch brother sister

actor actress husband wife

policeman policewoman grandfather grandmother

waiter waitress uncle aunt

Many nouns are used for both males and females. They are called common gender nouns.

parent

astronaut

president

child

cousin

pupil

teacher

baby

doctor

scientist

With animals, there is one general word for the animal and special words for the male and the female. Sometimes the word for the male animal is the same as the general word. Sometimes the word for the female animal is the same as the general word.

animal masculine feminine

rabbit buck doe

horse stallion mare

sheep ram ewe

pig boar sow

chicken rooster hen

duck drake duck

cattle bull cow

goose gander goose

fox fox vixen

tiger tiger tigress

lion lion lioness

The Possessive Form of Nouns

Use the possessive form of a noun to show ownership.

To make the possessive form, put an apostrophe and s ’s after a singular noun.

i. This is my bed and that is Peter’s bed.

ii. We all like Dad’s cooking.

iii. It is my job to collect every body’s plate after the meal.

iv. The flies are buzzing around the horse’s tail.

v. This is Susan and Jenny’s room.

vi. This is Tom’s hat and that is Tom’s father’s hat.

After plural nouns that don’t end in s, use an apostrophe and s (’s) to make the possessive form.

i. The children’s room is always messy.

ii. Some people’s houses are bigger than ours.

iii. Rats’ tails are longer than mice’s tails.

iv. Men’s voices are deeper than women’s voices.

After plural nouns that end in s, just add an apostrophe mark (’ ) at the end of those nouns .

i. The pupils’ desks are arranged in rows.

ii. The strong winds destroyed all the farmers’ crops.

iii. Mice’s tails are shorter than rats’ tails.

When a name ends in s, you can make the possessive form in either of two ways: add an apostrophe and s ’s or add just an apostrophe’.

For example:

i. This is James’s house.

or

ii. This is James’house.

iii. Which is Charles’s bike?

or

iv. Which is Charles’ bike?

1.1 PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns may be used as:

· The subject of a verb, or

· The object of a verb.

Subject Pronouns

The subject of a verb does the action of the verb. The personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we and they can all be used as the subject of a verb. Study the following sentences:

ii. She is sick.

iii. They left early in the morning

iv. It has eaten grasses

v. He works in a factory.

Object Pronouns

The object of a verb receives the action of the verb. The personal pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the object of a verb.

Look at the following sentences:

i. Dad is helping me.

ii. I need to speak to him.

iii. All the children like her.

iv. Mom is cleaning it.

v. Someone has eaten them.

First Person, Second Person and Third Person

In grammar, the person who is speaking is called the first person.

The one spoken to is called the second person,

and the one spoken about is called the third person.

Here is a table to help you remember which pronouns to use.

person	subject	object
First person in singular	I	me
Second person in singular	you	you
Third person in singular	She, he, it	Her, him, it
First person in plural	we	us
Second person in plural	you	you
Third person in plural	they	them

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the subject of the verb. The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are reflexive pronouns.

Look at the following examples:

i. Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.

ii. John was looking at himself in the mirror.

iii. Kate fell and hurt herself.

iv. Our cat washes itself after every meal.

v. We baked the cake by ourselves.

vi. Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a seat.

vii. The children cleaned their room all by themselves.

Here is a table to help you remember which reflexive pronoun to use with personal pronoun.

	Personal pronouns			Reflexive pronouns
	singular	plural	singular		plural
1^st person	I	we	myself		ourselves
2^nd person	you	you	yourself		yourselves
3^rd person	He, she, it	they	Himself, herself, itself		themselves

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to talk about things that belong to people.

The words mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs are possessive pronouns.

i. This book is mine.

ii. Have you lost yours, Tom?

iii. This pen is mine and that one is his.

iv. Sarah has lost her cat. Is this cat hers?

v. I can see our car, but where is yours?

vi. We’ve had our lunch, but they haven’t had theirs.

Here is a table to help you remember which possessive pronoun to use with which personal pronoun.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS			POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
SINGULAR FOM
subject	object
I	me		My, mine
you	you		Your, yours
He, she, it	Him, her, it		His, her/hers, its
PLURAL FORM
we		us	Our, ours
you		you	Your, yours
they		them	their, theirs

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are used for pointing out things. The words this, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns.

They are into two forms, singular and plural;

Singular plural

This these

That those

Check them from the following examples:

This is my desk. These are my pets.

This is the Ming’s' house. These are sheep but those are goats.

That is my friend’s house. Those are horses.

That’s my mother’s car.

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are pronouns that are used to ask questions. They include words like: who, whom, what, which, whose, when, where, how etc

They are used in the following ways when asking questions:

WHO

It can be used as the subject

For example:

i. Who are making noisy in the class?

ii. Who are those people?

iii. Who broke the window?

Also it can be used as an object.

For example;

i. Who are you inviting to your party?

ii. Who is mom talking to?

WHOM

This is used only as an object and not otherwise

For example:

i. Whom did the President criticize?

ii. To whom is the principal talking to?

But it cannot be used as the subject, therefore you cannot say that:

i. Whom came to the party last night

WHAT/WHICH

Both which and what are used as the subject, look at the following examples:

ii. What is your name?

iii. What does Tom want?

iv. What do you want be when you grow up?

v. Which book is good?

vi. Which is the best answer for this question?

vii. Which do you prefer?

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

When WHOSE, WHOM, WHICH/THAT are used in a statement (affirmative) form are referred as relative pronouns

WHOSE

This is used/written between a noun and noun.

For example:

i. This is Juma whose clothes were torn

ii. It is a car whose keys got lost.

iii. A student whose information can be found is Juma.

WHOM

This is used/written between a noun and noun/ pronoun but by referring to people/human beings only

For example:

i. A policeman whom you escaped is very kind.

ii. Anne is a student whom you bought a gift.

WHICH

This is used as the same as WHOSE but by referring to animals or the other things which are not human being/ people

For example:

i. Trees which you planted have dried.

ii. A child is a gift which you cannot forget in life.

In the other hand, WHICH and THAT can be used in the same where they are written/used between a noun and a verb.

For example:

i. She gave me a book which/that is interesting.

ii. Juma likes this color which/that shines.

iii. A teacher provided a punishment which/that annoyed us.

Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun does not refer directly to any other word.

Most of indefinite pronouns express an idea of quantity.

Indefinite Pronouns include the following:

all , each, most, other, another, either, neither, several, any, everybody, nobody, some, anybody, everyone, none, somebody, anyone, few, no one someone, both many, one, such etc

For example:

i. Everybody is welcome at the meeting.

ii. Many prefer their coffee with sugar.

iii. Does anybody care for a cheese sandwich?

1.2 VERBS

What Are Verbs?

A verb is a "doing" word. A verb can express:

· A physical action (e.g., to swim, to write, to climb).

· A mental action (e.g., to think, to guess, to consider).

· A state of being (e.g., to be, to exist, to appear).

Regular and Irregular Verbs

A regular verb is one that forms its simple past tense and its past participle by adding -ed or -d to the base form of the verb. (Note: There are spelling rules to consider too.) For example:

Regular Verb	Simple Past Tense	Past Participle
love	loved	has loved
hate	hated	has hated
move	moved	Have moved

An irregular verb is one that does not conform to this ruling. For example:

Irregular Verb	Simple Past Tense	Past Participle
tell	told	has told
bleed	bled	have bled

Types of verbs:

Verbs can be found in four types namely: auxiliary verbs, main verbs, linking verbs and modal verbs.

1) Auxiliary/helping verbs; these are verbs that assist the main verb to complete the meaning of an action.

For example:

i. They have come today.

ii. She will come by tomorrow.

iii. I am coming now.

2) Main verbs:are verbs that show an action.

i. She cooks the rice regularly

ii. You are writing a letter.

iii. They will be coming this time tomorrow.

3) Linking verbs; are verbs that have no main verbs.

For example:

i. She is my aunt.

ii. They are teachers.

iii. You are not famous.

iv. It is not your dog.

4) Modal verbs: are verbs which are used with the other verbs to express an idea such as possibility that is not expressed by the main verb of the sentence.

For example:

i. You ought to come by today evening.

ii. She must listen to you.

iii. I might come yesterday

The Infinitive Form

When a verb is preceded by the word to, it is said to be in its infinitive form (i.e., its most basic form).

i. I have to smoke that!

ii. (To smoke is the infinitive form of the verb.)

1.3 ADJECTIVES

Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They give you more information about people, places, and things.

Kinds of Adjectives

1. Some adjectives tell about the size of people or things.

a big house a long bridge tiny feet

a large army a high mountain big hands

a huge ship a short man a short skirt

a tall building a thin boy long trousers

2. Some adjectives tell about the color of things.

a red carpet a gray suit a brown bear

a white swan an orange balloon green peppers

a blue uniform a yellow ribbon black shoes

3. Some adjectives tell what people or things are like by describing their quality.

a beautiful woman a young soldier a flat surface

a handsome boy an old uncle a hot drink

a poor family a kind lady a cold winter

a rich couple a familiar voice a sunny day

a strange place a deep pool cool weather

The Comparison of Adjectives

o The Comparative Form

To compare two people or things, use the comparative form of an adjective. The comparative form is usually made by adding er to the adjective.

adjective comparative form adjective comparative form

dark darker hard harder

light lighter warm warmer

high higher cold colder

low lower fast faster

old older slow slower

young younger rich richer

poor poorer soft softer

tall taller small smaller

The word than is often used to compare two things or people.

For example:

i. Mr. Lee is taller than Philip.

ii. A car is faster than a bike.

The Superlative Form

When you compare three or more people or things, use the superlative form of an adjective. The superlative form is usually made by adding est. to the adjective.

adjective superlative form adjective superlative form

dark darkest warm warmest

light lightest cold coldest

high highest fast fastest

low lowest slow slowest

old oldest tall tallest

young youngest small smallest

rich richest soft softest

poor poorest hard hardest

The word the is often used before the superlative form.

For example:

A bee is a small insect. A ladybird is smaller, but an ant is the smallest

If the adjective ends in e, add r to form the comparative and st to form the superlative.

adjective comparative superlative

nice nicer nicest

close closer closest

large larger largest

rude ruder rudest

safe safer safest

wide wider widest

Suppose the adjective is a short word that ends in a consonant and has a single vowel in the middle. Just double the consonant and add er to make the comparative and est to make the superlative.

adjective comparative superlative

sad sadder saddest

wet wetter wettest

slim slimmer slimmest

thin thinner thinnest

big bigger biggest

Suppose the adjective has two syllables and ends in y. Just change the y to i and add er to make the comparative and add est to make the superlative.

Adjective comparative superlative adjective comparative superlative

easy easier easiest heavy heavier heaviest

funny funnier funniest lovely lovelier loveliest

dirty dirtier dirtiest pretty prettier prettiest

noisy noisier noisiest tidy tidier tidiest

happy happier happiest friendly friendlier friendliest

naughty naughtier naughtiest tiny tinier tiniest

Use more and most to compare most other two-syllable adjectives. You will also use more and most with all adjectives that have more than two syllables.

adjective comparative superlative

famous more famous most famous

precious more precious most precious

handsome more handsome most handsome

exciting more exciting most exciting

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

expensive more expensive most expensive

comfortable more comfortable most comfortable

delicious more delicious most delicious

interesting more interesting most interesting

difficult more difficult most difficult

o Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms

A few adjectives don’t form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways. The comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives are different words, called irregular forms.

adjective comparative superlative

good better best

bad worse worst

little less least

many more most

far farther or further farthest or furthest

For example:

My painting is good, Melanie’s painting is better, but Andrew’s painting is the best.

1.4 ADVERBS

Adverbs are words that tell you more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

Many adverbs end in ly. You make these adverbs by adding ly to adjectives.

For examples:

i. She writes neatly.

ii. The traffic was moving slowly.

iii. We waited patiently to see the doctor.

iv. They waved goodbye sadly.

v. The children walked quickly into the classroom.

Some words that end in ly are not adverbs because there are some adjectives that end in ly too.

For example:

i. Sam was feeling very lonely.

ii. She wore a lovely dress.

iii. It was a very lively party

1.5 PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are words that show a connection between other words. Most prepositions are little words like at, in and on. Prepositional phrases are groups of words, such as out of and on top of.

Preposition or Adverb

Some words can be used either as prepositions or as adverbs. If the word is followed by a noun or a pronoun, it is a preposition.

Look at these pairs of examples. In each of the sentences marked preposition, there is a noun or pronoun after the preposition. This noun or pronoun is called the object of the preposition. Notice that objects are printed in color.

i. She put her hand inside my bag. (preposition noun)

ii. It was raining, so they decided to stay inside. (adverb)

iii. A car drove past at high speed. (adverb)

iv. John’s house is across the street. (Preposition noun)

v. They got into the boat and rowed across. (adverb )

vi. He tripped over his shoelaces and fell down. (adverb)

Prepositions of Place

Some prepositions show where something happens.

i. Sally was sitting under a tree.

ii. .Some geese flew over their house.

iii. John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe.

iv. There was a tree beside the river.

v. I have a friend who lives inMwanza.

vi. A big truck parked in front of their car.

vii. The cat jumped on top of the cupboard.

Prepositions of Time

Some prepositions show when something happens.

i. School starts at nine o’clock.

ii. I brush my teeth in the morning and at night.

iii. We’re going to the zoo on Saturday.

iv. I visited my grandparents during the summer.

v. You must finish the work by Friday.

vi. I’ll do my homework before dinner.

Prepositions of Direction

Some prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction.

i. The football rolled down the hill.

ii. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.

iii. The freeway goes right through the city.

iv. We were travelling towards Miami.

v. A girl went past them on a bike.

vi. This road leads away from the stadium.

Prepositions with Special Uses

Many prepositions are used in other ways. Here are some of them.

of :

To describe a certain thing.

i. I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk.

ii. Would you like a glass of orange juice?

iii. I need three pieces of paper.

iv. Most of the children in my class like school.

To describe a certain reason:

i. I am tired of your habit

ii. She is proud of her son

iii. Her father died of HIV/AIDS

For:

To show purpose:

i. I made this bookmark for Mom.

ii. I’d like a new computer for Christmas.

iii. What’s this bag for?

To show exact amount of time used:

i. She stayed here for two hours.

ii. They have been studying here for six weeks now.

With:

To show an instrument used:

i. He eats with a spoon.

ii. Mix the flour with water.

To show an accompanying

i. Would you like to come with us to the arcade?

ii. I can do difficult problems with help from Mom.

iii. Michael came home with water.

To show warning:

i. Cross the busy street with care.

except and instead of

To show exceptionalities:

ii. I like all kinds of food except pasta.

iii. Everyone likes chocolate except Tom.

iv. You should eat fruit instead of candy.

v. We could watch T V instead of reading our books.

On:

To show date:

i. I was born on 20^th July, 1993.

ii. Tanganyika got independence on 9^th December, 1961.

To show days:

On Monday, on Tuesday, on Thursday etc

In:

To show year and moths:

i. She came in October.

ii. The accident of MV.Bukoba was in 1996.

It is used to show big places like cities.

i. He lives in Dar es Salaam.

ii. I am going in London.

It is used also for things which are worn.

i. A person in a blue suit is my friend.

ii. I love a girl is in big shoes.

Of & from;

Of is used to show reason for death

i. She died of malaria.

From

is used for diseases.

ii. She is suffering from malaria.

Since

This is used to show a range of time:

i. She has been living here since 1995.

ii. Mwajuma has started to write since morning.

By & on

Both are used to show transport means but:By is used for vehicles and on for foot.

i. She reached to Dar es Salaam on foot.

ii. They have arrived here by an aero plane.

Also by is used to show time past, present and future.

i. She will come by tomorrow.

ii. Just finish this task by today.

By also is used to show the doer of actions.

i. This house was built here by shaban.

ii. They have been punished by their teacher.

Besides &beside

Besides is used toshow an addition of something and beside shows things which are near by the other things.

i. Besides her wealth she was added another capital.

ii. Mwajuma stood beside Halima.

Among & between

Among is used for more than two things while between is used for only two things.

i. Juma is among the five students who won the gold medals

ii. Between these two books choose one.

Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or Nouns

Prepositions are used with some adjectives.

i. Mr. Lee is pleased with our work.

ii. Dad was angry with us.

iii. The teachers are always kind to us

iv. We were afraid of the big dog.

v. What’s wrong with the computer?

vi. She’s not very interested in sports.

vii. John is very good at drawing.

Prepositions are used with some verbs.

i. I’ mlooking for my pencil. Have you seen it?

ii. Can you think of another word? for ‘pleased’?

iii. Does this book belong to you?

iv. We’re listening to CDs.

v. I agree with you.

vi. I lent my skateboard to Sue.

vii. Tell me about the show you saw.

viii. Cut the cake into five pieces.

ix. They borrowed money from the bank.

Prepositions are used with some nouns. The nouns in these examples are printed in color.

i. What’s the answer to this question?

ii. Is there a reason for this delay?

iii. What’s the matter with you?

iv. Here’s an example of good behavior.

v. Congratulations on winning the competition!

vi. Traffic can cause damage to the environment.

1.6 DETERMINERS

Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to. They include the following:Definite article : the

· Indefinite articles : a, an

· Demonstratives: this, that, these, those

· Pronouns and possessive determiners : my, your, his, her, its, our, their

· Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough

· Numbers : one, ten, thirty

· Distributives : all, both, half, either, neither, each, every

· Difference words : other, another

· Pre-determiners : such, what, rather, quite

Our focus here is to show the use of the three articles which are: the, a andan

The word "the" is one of the most common words in English. It is our only definite article. It is used in the following ways: To refer to something that has already been mentioned. Examples:

i. On Monday, an unarmed man stole $1,000 from the bank. The thief hasn't been caught yet.

ii. I was walking past Benny's Bakery when I decided to go into the bakery to get some bread.

iii. There's a position available in my team. The job will involve some international travel.

Use the to refer to people or objects that are unique.Examples

i. The sun rose at 6:17 this morning.

ii. You can go anywhere in the world.

iii. Clouds drifted across the sky.

iv. The president will be speaking on TV tonight.

v. The CEO of Total is coming to our meeting.

Use the before superlatives and ordinal numbers. Examples:

i. This is the highest building in New York.

ii. She read the last chapter of her new book first.

iii. You are the tallest person in our class.

iv. This is the third time I have called you today.

Use the with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people.Examples

i. The French enjoy cheese.

ii. The elderly require special attention.

iii. She has given a lot of money to the poor.

Use the plural names/nouns. Examples:

i. I have been given the certificates.

ii. The books you took are mine

Use a when for words in singular, or before words starting in u and eu when they sound like you. Examples:

i. a boy

ii. a car

iii. a helicopter

iv. a big elephant

v. a sweater

vi. a European

vii. a university

viii. a unit

ix. an hour

Use a with names of jobs.

i. John is a doctor.

ii. Mary is training to be an engineer.

iii. He wants to be a dancer.

Use a with singular nouns after the words 'what' and 'such'.Examples

i. What a shame !

ii. She's such a beautiful girl .

iii. What a lovely day !

The use ofan:

Use an when the next word starts with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or with a mute h.For example:

An orange, an hour, an apple, an egg, an elephant, an itchy, an ugly duck, an honor etc

1.7 CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.

I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like washing dishes afterward. Sophie is clearly exhausted, yet she insists on dancing till dawn.

Conjunctions allow you to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness of multiple short sentences. Make sure that the phrases joined by conjunctions share the same structure.

i. I work quickly and am careful.

ii. I work quickly and carefully.

Types of conjunctions.

There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinative, subordinate and correlative conjunctions

1. Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical rank in a sentence. The most common coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can remember them by using the mnemonic device FANBOYS.

2. Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are sort of like tag-team conjunctions. They come in pairs, and you have to use both of them in different places in a sentence to make them work. They get their name from the fact that they work together (co-) and relate one sentence element to another. Correlative conjunctions include pairs like:

“Both…..and,”

i. I am both intelligent and diligent.

ii. Both Halima andJuma are students.

“Whether……or,”

i. I won’t care whether you come or not.

ii. The price is not known whether it is cold or hot.

“Either……or,”

i. He can be either a teacher or doctor.

ii. Just eat either a mango or an orange.

“Neither…..nor,”

i. They know neither to read nor write.

ii. NeitherBashitenorGwajima is my friend.

“Not only…..but also”

i. It is not only clever but also funny.

ii. Lake Victoria is not only large but also wide.

Too…...to”,

i. She is too young to get married.

ii. The work is too tough to complete on time.

So……….that,

i. Maingu is so tall that he can touch the ceiling.

ii. They are so tired that they cannot work more.

iii. She was so beautiful that everybody admired her.

As…..as,

i. You are as wise as your father.

ii. It is as fast as a horse.

Others include the following: such……that, rather….than as many….as, no sooner……than, scarcely……..when.

i. There are as many curtains as there are windows.

ii. I’d no sooner lie to you than strangle a puppy.

iii. She’d rather play the drums than sing.

3. Subordinating Conjunction

A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects a main clause to a subordinate clause. A main clause is an independent clause that can stand alone by itself as a sentence. For example, the sentence "The student failed the test" is an example of a main clause.

In English, there are lots of subordinating conjunctions, but the most common ones, along with a few examples of how subordinating conjunctions are used, are as follows:

After–

i. “Your heart will break like mine, after you’ve gone”

Although–

ii. “Although I was sick, I managed to work.

As long as –

iii. “I don’t care how you’re as long as you love me”

If–

iv. “If you leave me now, you will regret later.

Once–

v. “Once you pop, you can’t stop”

Until–

vi. “You don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone”

FUNCTIOINS OF CONJUNCTIONS

Con junctions play different roles as follows:

1. THEY SHOW CONTRAST

Even though

She is beautiful. I don’t love her.

Even though she is beautiful, I don’t love her.

But

He does not get balance diet. He looks healthy.

He does not get balance diet but he looks healthy.

While

I disagree what you say. I will still defend you

While I disagree what you say, I will still defend you.

Although/though

We are tired. We are able to dance.

Although/though we are tired, we are able to dance.

Whereas

Kajana is lively and talkative. His sister is quite and polite.

Kajana is lively and talkative, whereas his sister is quite and polite.

In spite of and despite

These two conjunctions are used the same since all go with a noun phrase and not otherwise. Despite does not go with ‘of’

E.g.

It was raining. We went out

· We went out in spite of the rain.

It was dark. We walked on.

· In spite of the darkness we walked on.

He was poor. I got married to him.

· I got married to him despite his poverty.

To despite if we don’t want to use a noun we can use the expression’ the fact that’. For example:

Despite the fact that he was poor, I got married to him.

However

The exam was very tough. We enjoyed it.

The exam was very tough, however, we enjoyed it.

Nevertheless:

Nevertheless can be used as ‘however’

E.g.

The exam was tough, nevertheless, we enjoyed it.

Notwithstanding:

The price kept on rising people still bought some beer.

Notwithstanding the rise in prices, people still bought some beer.

Or

Notwithstanding his problems, he attempted the exam.

Strange as it may seem

It was strange. He beat his mother.

Strange as it may seem, he beat his mother.

2. REASONS

Because

It was raining. I took a taxi

I took a taxi because it was raining.

Because it was raining, I took a taxi.

Since

Since can be used the same as because

Since it was raining, I took a taxi.

3. TO SHOW TIME

While

We stood there. We saw two women fighting.

While we stood there, we saw two women fighting.

When

He will come. Tell him I have gone to Tanga.

When he comes, tell him I have gone to Tanga

Since

4. TO SHOW CONDITIONS

If

If she comes, I will show her a letter

Unless

This is used in negatives

If you change your mind I will be able to help you.

Unless you change your mind, I won’t help you

5. TO SHOW /PURPOSE

So that /in order to are used to show purpose as follows

I saved some money. I wanted to buy a TV.

I saved some money so that I could buy a TV.

OR

I saved some money in order to buy a TV.

6. TO SHOW CONSEQUENCE

As a result

Majula did not work hard; as the result he failed the exam.

Consequently

Nyabhija was not careful consequently she fell down.

Eventually

They tried harder and harder eventually they succeeded.

1.8 INTERJECTION

What Is An Interjection?

An interjection is one of the eight major parts of speech, along with verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions.

An interjection is a word solely designed to convey emotion. It expresses meaning or feeling.

it simply conveys to the reader the way the author is feeling. Interjections are rarely used in academic or formal writing, but are common in fiction or artistic writing. They are usually used to show emotion

Look at the following examples:

Yowza! That is a fine looking car.

Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled.

It is so exciting, my goodness, I just can’t believe it.

Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was mad.

Oh! I can’t believe how nice you look.

Well, gee, that sure is a kind thing to say.

Boo! I scared you.

Woops, I dropped the milk and it spilled.

Yay, it is finally Friday and the work week is over.

Oh well, all good things must come to an end.

TOPIC 3. WORD RELATION

This shows how different words relate, differ or share some characteristics interim of meaning. Theyinclude: synonyms, antonyms, homophones and polysemy. In this level we are going to focus on the two concepts which are antonyms and synonyms.

3.0 SYNONYMS

Refers to the words or vocabulary which have the same meaning and they can be used interchangeably.

Word	Synonym	Synonym

abandon	discard	vacate
accord	agree	grant
adversity	difficulty	misfortune
affluent	plentiful	rich
aggravate	annoy	infuriate
alleviate	lighten	mitigate
amenable	agreeable	favorable
anguish	distress	sorrow
apathetic	dispirited	lifeless
arrogant	disdainful	imperious
astonish	confound	overwhelm
atrocious	appalling	detestable
augment	add	enlarge
avoid	ignore	shun
awkward	graceless	inept

baffle	confuse	deceive
banal	common	plain
barren	desolate	sterile
berate	criticize	disapprove
betray	deceive	fool
bias	inclination	predisposition
bitter	acrid	sour
blend	combine	mix
bliss	happiness	joy
bluff	boast	feign
bold	daring	fearless
bonus	award	gift
bother	annoy	irritate
brief	concise	short
brilliant	clever	intelligent
brisk	fast	swift
budget	allot	plan

candid	honest	truthful
caricature	cartoon	imitation
casual	informal	natural
category	classification	division
cease	desist	stop
chaotic	disordered	messy
cherish	esteem	love
circumvent	avoid	go around
commemorate	celebrate	honor
compensate	balance	recompense
competent	able	capable
conceive	design	plan
confirmation	acknowledgement	proof
contradict	deny	oppose
contribution	donation	grant
courteous	polite	well-mannered
craving	desire	longing

3.1 ANTONYMS
These are words which show the opposite

absence	presence
accept	refuse
accurate	inaccurate
advantage	disadvantage
alive	dead
always	never
ancient	modern
answer	question, query
approval	disapproval
approached	receded, departed
abundant	scarce
admit	deny
advance	retreat, retire
artificial	natural
arrival	departure
ascend	descend
attack	defense
attractive	repulsive
attention	inattention
asleep	awake
ally	enemy
agree	disagree
bad	good
backward	forward, onward
bend	straighten
beautiful	ugly
beginning	ending
below	above
bent	straight
big	small, little
blunt	sharp
better	worse
best	worst
blame	praise
bless	curse
bitter	sweet
borrow	lend
bravery	cowardice
build	destroy, demolish
bold	timid, meek
bright	dull
broad	narrow
clear	vague, cloudy
careful	rush, careless
calm	troubled
capable	incapable
captivity	freedom, liberty
cellar	attic
cheap	dear, expensive
close	distant
clever	stupid
cold	hot
combine	separate
clockwise	anti-clockwise
correct	incorrect
conceal	reveal
come	go
common	rare
comfort	discomfort
courage	cowardice
cruel	kind
courteous	discourteous, rude
cunning	simple
dainty	clumsy
danger	safety
dark	light
deep	shallow
decrease	increase
definite	indefinite
demand	supply
despair	hope
disappear	appear
disease	health
discourage	encourage
dismal	cheerful
doctor	patient
dry	wet
dull	clear, bright
dusk	dawn
early	late
easy	difficult
ebb	flow
East	West
economize	waste
encourage	discourage
entrance	exit
employer	employee
empty	full
excited	calm
end	beginning
expand	contract
expensive	inexpensive, cheap
export	import
exterior	interior
external	internal
fail	succeed
false	true
feeble	sturdy, strong, powerful
foolish	wise
fast	slow
few	many
famous	unknown
forelegs	hind legs
fat	thin
find	lose
first	last
freedom	captivity
fold	unfold
frequent	seldom
forget	remember
found	lost
fresh	stale
friend	enemy
fortunate	unfortunate
frank	secretive
full	empty
generous	mean
gentle	rough
gather	distribute
glad	sorry
gloomy	cheerful
giant	dwarf, pygmy
granted	refused
great	minute, small, little
guardian	ward
guest	host
guilty	innocent
happy	sad, miserable
hard	soft
harmful	harmless
hasten	dawdle
hate	love
healthy	unhealthy, ill, diseased
here	there
heavy	light
height	depth
hero	coward
hill	valley
horizontal	vertical
hinder	aid, help
honest	dishonest
humble	proud
hunger	thirst
imitation	genuine
immense	tiny, minute
imprison	free
include	exclude
increase	decrease
inhabited	uninhabited
inferior	superior
inside	outside
intelligent	unintelligent, stupid
inhale	exhale
interior	exterior, outside
interesting	uninteresting, dull
internal	external
intentional	accidental
join	separate
junior	senior
justice	injustice
king	subject
knowledge	ignorance
laugh	cry
lawful	unlawful
lazy	industrious, energetic
land	sea
landlord	tenant
large	little, small
last	first
lawyer	client
lecturer	student
lender	borrower
lengthen	shorten
left	right
less	more
light	dark, heavy
like	dislike, unlike
likely	unlikely
leader	follower
little	large, much, big
lofty	lowly
long	Short
loud	Soft
loss	find, win

TOPIC 4. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

In English, the verb form which indicates whether the subject (person or object) of a sentence do something or something has been done on the subject called the voice

For example, when a sentence has one auxiliary verb, such as am, are, is, been, being, be, and past participle of verbs like written, driven, drawn, known, learnt, broken, discovered; the sentence is a passive voice.

The Rules to Change the Sentences from Active to Passive Form

i. The sentence must have objects (transitive verb). If there is no object then there must be question word who asks the object.

ii. Object active sentence became the subject of passive sentences.

iii. Subject or active sentences into passive sentences that preceded the object word “by”.

iv. The verb used is verb III (past participle) which proceeded by to be.

v. The adjusted sentence structure by tenses.

Fundamental Rules

1. The places of subject and object are interchanged i.e. the object shifts to the place of subject and subject shifts to the place of object in passive voice.

Example:

· Active voice: I write a letter.

· Passive voice: A letter is written by me.

Subject (I) of sentence shifted to the place of object (letter) and object (letter) shifted to the place of subject (I) in passive voice.

2. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is always used as main verb in sentences of passive voice for all tenses. Base form of verb or present participle will be never used in passive voice.

The word “by” is used before subject in sentences in passive voice.

Example:

· Active voice: He sings a song.

· Passive voice: A song is sung by him.

3. The word “by” is not always used before subject in passive voice. Sometimes words “with, to, etc” may also be used before subject in passive voice.

Examples:

· Active voice: The water fills the tub.

· Passive voice: The tub is filled with water.

· Active voice: He knows me.

· Passive voice: I am known to him.

4. Auxiliary verbs are used passive voice according to the tense of sentence.

Changes of Pronouns

Active Voice	Passive Voice
I	me
You	you
He	him
She	her
It	it
They	them

The Form of Active Voice and Passive Voice in Tenses

Passive voice in Simple Present Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Formula: Subject + infinitive + object	Formula: object + is/are+ past participle + by +subject

Examples:

Simson cares the lion	The lion is cared by Simson
Ana does the homework	The homework is done by Ana
They sell that house	That house is sold by them
Jessica always plays the piano	The piano is always played by Jessica
She buys a book	A book is bought by her

Passive voice in Present Continuous Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Formula: Subject + to be (is, am, are) + present participle + object	Formula: o + is/are+ being + past participle + by +subject

Examples:

She is doing her homework	The homework is being done by her
He is waiting for Dewi	Dewi is being waited by him
They are giving the present	The present is being given by them
Bobby is drawing a nice scenery	A nice scenery is being drawn by Bobby
Ratna is writing the letter	The letter is being written by Ratna

Present perfect tense

Active voice Formula: S+has/have+pastparticiple+o	Passive voice formula: O+has/have+been+pastparticiple+by+s
Amina has built a house	A house has been built by Amina
They have eaten mangoes	Mangoes have been eaten by them
She has insulted her mother	Her mother has been insulted by her

Passive voice in Simple Past Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Formula: Subject + past participle + object	Formula: o + was/were + past participle + by +s

Examples:

She cleaned the house	The house was cleaned by her
Jeffri bought a new car	A new car was bought by Jeffri
The teacher called the students	The students were called by the teacher
She saved her money	Her money was saved by her
Rina paid all her purchase	Her purchase were paid by Rina

Passive voice in Past Continuous Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Formula: S + was/were + being + past participle + object	Formula: o + was/were + being + past participle + by +subject

Examples:

I was waiting for Dina	Dina was being waited by me
She was reading a novel	A novel was being read by her
Andi was learning an English	An English was being learnt by Andi
They are building the house	The house being built by them
He was playing a kite	A kite was being played by him

Passive voice in Past Perfect Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Formula: Subject + had + past participle + object	Formula: o + had been + past participle + by +subject

Examples:

He had left that place	That place had been left by him
I had finished my work	My work had been finished by me
She had missed the last bus	The last bus had been missed by her
He had posted the letter	The letter had been posted by him
Rudi had completed his speech	His speech had been completed by Rudi

Passive voice in Simple Future Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Formula: Subject + will + infinitive + object	Formula: S + will + be + past participle + by +subject

Examples:

I shall read a newspaper	A newspaper will be read by me
She will sing a beautiful song	A beautiful song will be sung by her
Budi will repair his bicycle	His bicycle will be repaired by Budi
They will pay the tax	The tax will be paid by them
We shall start this meeting	This meeting will be started by us

Passive voice in Future Continuous Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Formula: Subject + will be + present participle + object	Formula: S + will + be + being + past participle + by +subject

Examples:

He will be doing a test tomorrow	A test will be being done by him tomorrow
They will be watching movie on next Saturday	The movie will be being watched by them on next Saturday
Mita will be increasing her value next time	Her value will be being increased by Mita next time
She will be applying a job tomorrow	A job will be being applied by her tomorrow
Sinta will be learning her lesson next week	Her lesson will be being learnt by Sinta

Passive voice in Past Future Tense

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Formula: Subject + would + infinitive + object	Formula: S + would + be +past participle + by +subject

Examples:

I would buy a book tomorrow	A book would be bought by me
They would play football next time	Football would be played by them next time
Mita would wash her shoes tomorrow	Her shoes would be washed by Nita tomorrow
My father would use Blackberry tomorrow	Blackberry would be used by my father tomorrow
I would sell my laptop next week	My laptop would be sold next week

The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice.

1. Present perfect continuous tense

2. Past perfect continuous tense

3. Future perfect continuous tense

TOPIC 5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

There are two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to the other people.

These can be grouped into two ways of quoting namely:

v Direct speech

v Indirect speech

We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called Direct Speech.

We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.

For Example:

i. They said, “we are going to cinema” (Direct speech)

ii. They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect speech)

It will be seen that in Direct Speech.

v The exact words of the speaker have been used.

v The words quoted have been put within Quotation Marks or Inverted Commas.

v The first letter of the quotation begins with a capital letter.

v There is always a comma of a colon after ‘said’ that introduces the spoken words.

In Indirect Speech, the speech that is reported is not put within inverted commas and does not begin with a capital letter that has been placed before the Indirect Speech

Rule of Changing Pronouns

Pronouns of the First Person in the Reported Speech arechanged into indirect Speech to the same person as thesubject of the Reporting Verb.

Examples

Direct-- He says to me, “I am tired."

Indirect-- He told me that he was tired.

Direct-- He said to me, “I am faithful.

Indirect-- He told me that he was faithful

Pronouns of the Second Person in the reported speech are changed into Indirect with the same person as noun or pronoun coming after the Reporting Verb

Examples:

Direct speech: She said to him, “you are intelligent”

Indirect speech: She said to him that he was intelligent.

Direct speech: He said to me, “you are late for the party”

Indirect speech: He said to me that I was late for the party.

Pronouns of the Third Person in the Reported Speech remain unchanged in Indirect Speech.

Examples:

Direct speech: They said, “He will come”

Indirect speech: They said that he would come.

Direct speech: You said, “They are waiting for the bus”

Indirect speech: You said that they were waiting for the bus.

Rule of Changing Tenses

PRESENT TENSE

PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE

He said, “I write a letter”

He said that he wrote a letter.

She said, “He goes to school daily”

He said that she went to school daily.

They said, “We love our country”

They said that they loved their country

He said, “He does not like computer”

He said that he did not like computer.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS

Examples:

He said, “He is listening to the music”

He said that he was listening to the music.

She said, “I am washing my clothes”

She said that she was washing her clothes.

They said, “We are enjoying the weather”

They said that they were enjoying the weather.

She said, “I am not laughing”

She said that she was not laughing.

PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT

Examples

She said, “He has finished his work”

She said that he had finished his work.

He said, “I have started a job

He said that he had started a job.

I said, “She has eaten the meal”

I said that she had eaten the meal.

They said, “We have not gone to NewYork”

They said that they had not gone to New York.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Examples:

He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock”

He said that he had been studying since 3O’clock.

She said, “It has been raining for three days.”

She said that it had been raining for three days.

I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007”

I said that she had been working in this office since 2007.

PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT

Examples:

He said to me, “You answered correctly”

He said to me that I had answered correctly.

John said, “They went to cinema”

John said that they had gone to cinema.

He said, “I made a table”

He said that he had made a table.

She said, “I didn’t buy a car”

She said that she had not bought a car.

PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

They said, “We were enjoying the weather”

They said that they had been enjoying the weather.

He said to me, “I was waiting for you”

He said to me that he had been waiting for me.

I said, “It was raining”

I said that it had been raining.

She said, “I was not laughing”

She said that she had not been laughing.

PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change)

Examples:

She said, “She had visited a doctor”

She said that she had visited a doctor.

He said, “I had started a business”

He said that he had started a business.

I said, “She had eaten the meal”

I said that she had eaten the meal.

They said, “We had not gone to New York.

They said they had not gone to New York.

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE WILL changes into WOULDExamples:

He said, “I will study the book”

He said that he would study the book.

She said, “I will buy a computer”

She said that she would buy a computer.

They said to me, “We will send you gifts”

They said to me that they would send me gifts.

I said, “I will not take the exam”

I said that I would not take the exam.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS WILL BE changes into WOULD BE

Examples:

I said to him, “I will be waiting for him”

I said to him that I would be waiting for him.

She said,” I will be shifting to new home”

She said that she would be shifting to a new home.

He said, “I will be working hard”

He said that he would be working hard.

He said, “He will not be flying kite”

He said that he would not be flying kites.

FUTURE PERFECT WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE

Examples:

He said, “I will have finished the work”

He said that he would have finished the work.

She said, “They will have passed the exam examination”

She said that they would have passed the examination.

He said, “I will have gone”

He said that he would have gone.

NB:

The tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a universal truth though its reporting verb belongs to past tense

Examples:

Direct speech: He said, “Mathematics is a science”

Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science.

Direct speech: He said, “Sun rises in east”

Indirect Speech: He said that sun rises in east.

Change of Words

Words indicating nearness of time or place in the Direct Speech are changed into those indicating distance when converted into Indirect Speech.

See how the following words change:

v Now becomes then

v Here becomes there

v Ago becomes before

v Thus becomes so

v Today becomes that day

v Tomorrow becomes the next day

v Yesterday becomes the day before

v Last night becomes the night before

v This becomes that

v These becomes those

v Hence becomes thence.

v Hither becomes thither

TOPIC 6: TAG QUESTION’S USAGE

A question tag is a question added at the end of a sentence. Speakers use question tags chiefly to make sure their information is correct or to seek argument. They consist of a statement and a tag.

A negative tag is used with an affirmative statement whereas a positive tag is used with a negative statement.

Meaning that;

ü After positive statements, we use a negative tag

And

ü After negative statements, we use a positive tag

Question tag in tenses:

1: simple present

With the Simple Present Tense we use do / does - don’t / doesn't?

Examples:

i/They like going to the movie theater, don’t they?
ii/You don’t take sugar in tea, do you?
iii/Rafael listens to music, doesn't he?
iv/Alan works at a bank, doesn't he?

2; present continuous

We use is/isn’t? –are/aren’t? In present continuous

Examples:

i. Juma is not coming, is he?

ii. We are eating rice, aren’t we?

iii. She is young, isn’t she?

iv. Children are not cruel, are they?

3: present perfect:

We use has/hasn’t-have/haven’t in present perfect.

Examples:

i. It has drunk some water, hasn’t it?

ii. They have not seen us, have they?

iii. Joyce has not seen a nice book, has she?

iv. Pilots have received enough training, haven’t they?

4: simple past

We use did/didn’t in simple past.

Examples:

i. Amina came here yesterday, didn’t she?

ii. I did not see you last week, did I?

iii. You departed before time, didn’t you?

iv. We did not see your name there, did we?

5: past continuous.

We use was/wasn’t-were/weren’t

Examples:

i. Juma was crying at the market, wasn’t he?

ii. They were not there, were they?

iii. It was not our chance to kill it, was it?

iv. You were a leader by then, weren’t you?

6: past perfect

We use had/hadn’t when forming question tag

Examples:

i. She had no passport, had she?

ii. Children had visited their parents during the holiday, hadn’t they?

7. Simple future

We use will/won’t-shall/shan’t.

Examples:

i. She will visit them next month, won’t she?

ii. I shall not feed my cow the day after tomorrow, shall I?

iii. Madam will not teach you later, will she?

iv. A dog will bark next Friday, won’t it?

v. We shall see you tomorrow, shan’t we?

SPECIAL CASES IN TAG QUESTIONS;

Special cases include the way of forming tag questions beyond the rules given above. They include the following issues;

Ø If the statement contains words such as no, no one, nothing, nobody, scarcely, hardly, hardly ever, never, neither, seldom, under no circumstances… etc, it is considered a negative statement and followed by an affirmative tag.

i. Julia hardly ever drinks coke, does she?
ii. Nothing will cure his illness, will it?
iii. He never acts like a gentleman, does he?
iv. She is hardly the right person for the job, is she?
v. It is no good, is it?

Ø If the subject of the statement is somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, no one, and neither …. We use the pronoun “they” in question tag.
Somebody entered the garden, didn't they?
Everybody was upset, weren't they?
Nobody objects to the plan, do they?
Let’s has the tag "shall we?"
Let’s go to the movie theater, shall we?
Let’s have a party, shall we?
Let’s drink tea, shall we?
Let’s go out for a walk, shall we?

Ø “Have to” is considered Simple Present and “had to” is considered Simple Past.

Your father has to wear glasses, doesn't he?
They don’t have to come early, do they?
We had to borrow some money to buy a new house, didn't we?
They didn't have to read the story book, did they?

Ø If the subject of the sentence is everything, nothing, something, anything the pronoun in the tag is "it".

Everything is ready, isn't it?
Nothing has the end, has it?
Anything is possible, isn't it?

Ø After positive imperatives, we use will you, won’t you, can you, can’t you, could you …etc .Yet for the negative imperatives we only use “will you? “
Open the door, will you / won’t you, can you, could you …etc
Don’t play with your nose, will you?

Ø After “I am” the tag is "aren't".

I am your father, aren't I?
I am a bit late, aren't I?
I am a teacher, aren't I?

Ø We use “will you” to imperatives and invitations

For examples:

i. Open the door, will you?

ii. Don’t smoke in this room, will you?

iii. Come to my party, will you?

iv. Have a coffee, will you?

v. Don’t look at me like that, will you?

TOPIC 7.CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

What Is a Sentence?

A sentence is a group of words giving a complete thought. A sentence must contain a subject and a verb

Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred to as the if-clause) and the consequence. Consider the following sentences:

i. If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.

ii. I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.

iii. When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.

There are four types of conditional sentences.

It’s important to use the correct structure for each of these different conditional sentences because they express varying meanings.

v Pay attention to verb tense when using different conditional modes.

v Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause.

What Are the Different Types of Conditional Sentences? There are four different types of conditional sentences in English. Each expresses a different degree of probability that a situation will occur or would have occurred under certain circumstances.

1. Zero Conditional Sentences

2. First Conditional Sentences

3. Second Conditional Sentences

4. Third Conditional Sentences

Let’s look at each of these different types of conditional sentences in more detail.

1. Zero Conditional Sentences

Zero conditional sentences express general truths—situations in which one thing always cause another.

When you use a zero conditional, you’re talking about a general truth rather than a specific instance of something.

The rule: If +simple present+ simple present

Consider the following examples:

i. If you don’t brush your teeth, you get cavities.

ii. When people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers.

When using the zero conditional, the correct tense to use in both clauses is the simple present tense. A common mistake is to use the simple future tense.

v When people smoke cigarettes, their health will suffer.

Secondly, notice that the words if and when can be used interchangeably in these zero conditional sentences. This is because the outcome will always be the same, so it doesn’t matter “if” or “when” it happens.

2. First Conditional Sentences

First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which the outcome is likely (but not guaranteed) to happen in the future.

Note that we use the simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense in the main clause—that is, the clause that expresses the likely outcome. This is how we indicate that under a certain condition (as expressed in the if-clause), a specific result will likely happen in the future.

Rule: If/ unless +simple present +simple future

Look at the examples below:

i. If you rest, you will feel better.

ii. If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

Examine some of the common mistakes people make using the first conditional structure:

v If you will rest, you will feel better.

3. Second Conditional Sentences

Second conditional sentences are useful for expressing outcomes that are completely unrealistic or will not likely happen in the future.

Notice the correct way to structure second conditional sentences is to use the simple past tense in the if-clause and an auxiliary modal verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the main clause (the one that expresses the unrealistic or unlikely outcome). The following sentences illustrate a couple of the common mistakes people make when using the second conditional:

Rule: If +simple past +could/should/would+ infinitive verb

Consider the examples below:

i. If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

ii. If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

4. Third Conditional Sentences

Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present circumstances would be different if something different had happened in the past.

Note that when using the third conditional, we use the past perfect (i.e., had + past participle) in the if-clause. The modal auxiliary (would, could, should, etc.) + have + past participle in the main clause expresses the theoretical situation that could have happened.

The rules: If +past perfect +would/ could/ should+ present perfect

Look at the following examples:

i. If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

ii. If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

Consider these common mistakes when applying the third conditional:

v If you would have told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

Exceptions and Special Cases When Using Conditional Sentences

As with most topics in the English language, conditional sentences often present special cases in which unique rules must be applied.

Use of the Simple Future in the If-Clause

Generally speaking, the simple future should be used only in the main clause. One exception is when the action in the if-clause will take place after the action in the main clause. For example, consider the following sentence:

If aspirin will ease my headache, I will take a couple tonight.

The action in the if-clause is the aspirin easing the headache, which will take place only after the speaker takes them later that night.

Were to” in the If-Clause

The verb phrase was to is sometimes used in conditional sentences when the likely or unlikely result is particularly awful or unthinkable. In this case, were to is used to place emphasis on this potential outcome. Consider these sentences:

If I were to be sick, I would miss another day of work.

If she were to be late again, she would have to have a conference with the manager.

If the rent were to have been a penny more, they would not have been able to pay it.

TOPIC 8: WRITING SKILLS

Under this topic the following things are going to be covered

Friendly letter

Official letter

What Is a Friendly Letter?

A friendly letter is, very simply, a letter you might write to a friend or relative to keep in touch, update them about your life, or a variety of other reasons.

Parts of a Friendly Letter

There are six parts of a friendly letter:

1. Writer’s address and date. These are written in the right hand side of your page

2. Salutation/greeting. The greeting of a friendly letter always starts with 'Dear' followed by the person's name to which you are writing the letter.

3. Third is the body of the letter. This is the main content of your friendly letter.

4. Then we have the closing. You generally end a friendly letter with a closing word or words. You can end with words like: Yours Truly,' 'Best Regards,' 'With Love,' or 'Warmly.'

5. The fifth part of a friendly letter is the signature. This is written on the next line following the closing.

6. The last part is the part for postscript (P.S). This is the part written after your signature to write shortly about something that you have forgotten to write within the main body.

For example:

Chitengule village,

P. O.Box 126,

BUNDA.

25^THJuly, 2017.

Dear Susan,

It feels like such a long time since the last time I saw you. I know it's only been several weeks since I saw you. So far my summer has been great!

I spend my all my weekends at the beach. I am getting a nice tan and you can no longer say I am paler than you. I have been playing lots of volleyball, surfing and building a nice collection of sea shells. Just this past weekend I took second place in a sandcastle building contest!

On the weekdays I work. I drive an ice cream truck around and sell ice cream to the kids. It is so cool. It is a combination of the two things I love most, ice cream and kids. The pay isn't too great but I love the job so much.

I hope the summer's been going well for you too. There's only a month and a half left in summer vacation and after that it's back to school. Would you like to meet up some time before school starts?

Your friend,

Signature

P.S John Austin says hi.

TOPIC 10. FAMILY TREE

Expressing Family Relations/ kinship

Most cultures and languages have special terms to describe close blood relationships. Family tree seeks to show kinship. Here you should know terms used in family relationship like: uncle, aunt, father, mother, niece, and nephew. Cousin, step mother father, grandchildren, father-in-law, mother in law, sister in law etc, as described below:

Father: is your male parent.

Mother; is your female parent.

Grandfather: is your father/mother’s male parent.

Grandmother: is your father/mother’s female parent.

Uncle: is your mother/father’s brother.

Aunt: is your father/mother’s sister.

Niece: is your sister/brother’s daughter.

Nephew: is your sister/brother’s son.

Cousin: is your uncle/aunt’s daughter or son.

Step father: is your mother’s husband.

Step mother: is your father’s wife.

Father in law: is your husband/wife’s male parent.

Mother in law: is your husband/wife’s female parent.

Brother in law: is your husband/wife’s brother or cousin.

Sister in law: is your husband/wife’s sister or cousin.

Grandson: Is your son/daughter’s son.

Granddaughter: is your son/daughter’s daughter.

From the tree diagram above we see Mizengo and Suzana’s family. They have two children who are Janeth and Jackson. Janeth has two children who are Vicky and Calvin. And Jackson has a single son who is John.

Try to answer these questions:

Ø How does Mizengo call suzana?

Ø How John calls Janeth?

Ø How Jackson calls Vicky?

Samples of necta questions for standard vii 2013 &2015

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

PRIMARY SCHOOL LEAVING EXAMINATION

02 ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Time: 1:30 HoursThursday, 12thSeptember 2013 a.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of fifty (50) questions in sections A, B, C and D.

2. Answer all the questions.

3. Read all the given instructions in the special answer sheet (OMR) and fill in all the neededinformation.

4. Write your Examination Number and then shade the digits of the number in the respectiveplace in your answer sheet.

5. Shade the letter of the correct answer for each question in the answer sheet provided, forexample, if the correct answer is A shade as follows:

6. If you have to change your answer, you must rub out the shading very neatly before shadingthe new one. Use a clean rubber.

7. Use HB pencil only.

8. Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.

SECTION A: GRAMMAR

Choose the words that complete the sentences by shading the lettersof the correct answer in the answer sheet provided.

1. Mr. Kazi _____________ his house in 1947.

A

builds

B

was built

C is building

D

built

E

has built

2. Juayote _____________ reading a book now.

A have B is C were D had E was

3. Chanjagaa _____________ go to buy water melons yesterday.

A didn’t B don’t C do D doesn’t E does

4. They are going to town, _____________

A	are they?	B	are they.	C aren’t they.
D	aren’t they?	E	Weren’t they?

5. The whole class was excited because _____________ had passed the examination.

A us B him C they D her E them

6. This dog is healthy because it _____________ good food.

A cat B ate C eating D eaten E eats

7. Mrs. Luka said that she _____________ come back the following day.

A would B was C had D shall E has

8. Omi and Mputa _____________ while the teacher was teaching.

A	laugh	B	was laughing	C were laughing
D	laughs	E	have laughed

9. They _____________ to harvest crops next month.

A have gone B will go C is going D has gone E are gone

10. I found Jane _____________ bread at the bakery.

A boiling B cooking C roasting D frying E baking

11. _____________ house is this?

A Whose B Whom C Who D WhyE Where

12. Is there _____________ orange juice left?

A a B few C many D any E most

13. The teacher put all his books _____________ the table.

A in B on C at D to E of

14. Hey, Anne, what are you looking _____________?

A to B in C for D on E into

15. This book is yours but the blue one is _____________.

A mine B your C my D me E their

16. She was not familiar _____________ the school.

A by B with C at D in E on

17. This is my mother’s house _____________ she built it herself.

A	although	B	who	C where
D	because	E	even if

18. I have been teaching in this school _____________1970.

A for B since C unless D about E on

19. Peter and Paul are good friends. They always sit _____________ each other.

A besides B between C besideD before E behind

20. He neither cooked his food _____________ cleaned his room.

A also B only C but D or E nor

21. To _____________ does this dictionary belong?

A whatB thatC whoD whom E whose

22. I have talked to my teachers _____________ one hour.

A since B for C by D on E at

23. John’s behavior is different _____________ his father.

A from B with C than D as E to

24. _____________ Jitihada is always late for class, he is going to pass the examination.

A In spite B ButC Despite D EvenE Although

25. Masanja is _____________ than Mayala.

A	tall	B	the tallest	C taller
D	tallest	E	most taller

26. You can _____________ read or write on the blackboard.

A neither B either C and D nor E or

27. We have known him _____________ 1995.

A for B since C by D at E in

28. Jane was told to do the work by _____________.

A	ourselves	B	himself	C herself
D	her own	E	themselves

29. Juma was so tired _____________ he had to go for a rest.

A thatB suchC forD although E enough

30. Samson is not only intelligent _____________ obedient to his teacher.

A butB but also C and also D andE also

SECTION B: VOCABULARY

For each of the following questions, choose the correct answer and shade its letterin the answer sheet provided.

31. Your uncle’s wife is your __________.

A nephew B aunt C cousin D niece E mother

32. A building along the roadside where motorists pay to stay in and have meals is a __________.

A motelB restaurant C hotelier D canteen E hotel

33. The opposite of the word “expensive” is __________.

A cheep B sheep C sheap D chip E ship

34. A person who mends shoes is a __________.

A	cobra	B	barber	C cobber
D	cobbler	E	shoe shiner

35. A group of buffaloes or cattle is called __________.

A a flock B a horde C a gang D a hedge E a herd

36. Another meaning for the word “purchase” is __________.

A sell B buy C selling D exchange E export

SECTION C: COMPOSITION

This section has four mixed sentences. Arrange the sentences so as to make a good composition by giving them letters A-D. Shade the letterof the correct answer in your answer sheet.

37. When Mrs. Daudi came back from work, she did not find the meat.

38. One day, Mrs. Daudi put some meat in the cupboard and left for work.

39. From that day the cat was chased away.

40. Her cat opened the cupboard and ate the meat.

SECTION D: COMPREHENSION

Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions that follow by shading the letter of the correct answer in your answer sheet.

Tourism is a type of business. Both developed and undeveloped countries use this business as a source of income. These countries have tourist attractions such as wild animals, high mountains, attractive beaches, rivers and lakes. Tourists spend money on food, accommodation, transport and many other things. In this way a country which is visited by many tourists can make a lot of money.

Tanzania is one of those countries which are visited by tourists every year. She gets a lot of money from attracting tourists. The tourists pay visits to National parks such as Ngorongoro, Serengeti, Manyara and Mikumi. Some wild animals found in those parks are lions, elephants, tigers, antelopes, hippopotamus, buffaloes, zebras and baboons. The tourists can also take photos and buy books containing information about wild life.

Apart from visiting National parks, tourists also climb Mount Kilimanjaro which is a snow-capped mountain. This is the highest mountain in Africa with a height of over five thousand meters above sea level. Mountain climbers are helped by guides and potters. Tourists pay the guides and potters. Most tourists enjoy staying in Tanzania because of the tourist attractions which she has.

41. What is the source of income in many countries?

A	Animals	B	Accommodation	C Transport
D	Photos	E	Tourism.

42. A person who travels for the purpose of visiting another place for pleasure is a __________.

A potter B tourist C guide D guard E native

43. According to the passage, where is tourism conducted?

A	Developed countries	B	Developing countries
C	Developing and developed countries	D	Many countries

E Tropical countries.

44. Who pays the potters?

A Tanzania B Tourism C Animals D Tourists E Guides.

45. The opposite of the word “income” is __________.

A	expensive	B	experience	C outcome
D	expense	E	expenditure

46. What else do tourists do apart from visiting National parks in Tanzania?

A	Buy clothes	B	Climb the mountain	C Stay in Tanzania
D	Open business	E	Visit lakes.

47. Tourists’ money is spent on which of the following items?

A	Food, accommodation and transport	B	Food, clothes and photos
C	Transport and shopping	D	Accommodation and clothes

E Buying animals.

48. According to the passage, which are the animals found in the national parks?

A Lions, elephants and hyena

BTigers, buffaloes and peacocks

C Lions, impala and antelopes

D Lions, elephants and baboons

E Zebras, tigers and wild pigs.

49. How high is the highest mountain in Africa?

A Over five hundred kilometers

B About five thousand meters

C Over five thousand meters

D Over five thousand kilometers

E About five thousand centimeter.

50. What does the pronoun “She” stands for in this passage?

A	A girl	B	A woman	C A mountain
D	A tourist	E	A country.

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

PRIMARY SCHOOL LEAVING EXAMINATION

02 ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Time: 1:30 Hours Thursday, 10thSeptember 2015 a.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of fifty (50) questions in sections A, B, C and D.

2. Answer all the questions.

3. Read all the given instructions in the special answer sheet (OMR) and fill in all the requiredinformation.

4. Write your Examination Number and then shade the digits of the number in the respectiveplace in your answer sheet.

5. Shade the letter of the correct answer for each question in the answer sheet provided, forexample, if the correct answer is A shade as follows:

6. If you have to change your answer, you must rub out the shading very neatly before shadingthe new one. Use a clean rubber.

7. Use HB pencil only.

8. Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.

SECTION A: GRAMMAR

Choose the words that complete the sentences by shading the lettersof the correct answerin the answer sheet provided.

2. I usually _____________ my friends on Sunday.

A visitsB visitedC visitD visiting E visitor

3. The building over there _____________ of concrete.

A were made B are made C has made D have made E is made

4. She _____________ the money when the thief robbed her.

A	counts	B	is counting	C was counting
D	counting	E	counted

5. He ___________ for two days last week.

A travelsB travelled C travelling D travel E traveler

6. The leaders _____________ to London tomorrow.

A will fly B flew C flies D had flown E have flown

7. Joseph was reading while his uncle _____________ TV.

A	is watching	B	were watching	C does watching
D	was watching	E	are watching

8. We _____________ visiting you next month.

A shall been B were been C have been D has gone E went

9. Malima _____________ to Tanga tomorrow evening.

A will go B have gone C was going D has gone E went

10. My sister-in-law _____________ cleaning her house all morning.

A have been B has being C has been D have been E was been

11. The prisoners have been _____________ from jail.

A realize B releasing C releases D released E realized

12. We always go to school _____________ foot.

A by B on C in D with E for

13. Doctor Musa has told you about your problem, _____________

A hasn’t he. B has he? C hasn’t he? D has he. E haven’t he?

14. The shopkeeper sold _____________ dozen of eggs.

A any B some C a D an E much

15. The house belongs to my friends, therefore the house is _____________.

A ours B hers C yours D his E theirs

16. Hassan is suffering _____________ malaria.

A at B from C of D in E on

17. “Juma is not listening in class,” he said. In reported speech the sentence will be: He said that,

A you were not listening in class

B Juma is not listening in class

C you are not listening in class

D Juma was not listening in class

E they were not listening in class.

18. They were both quick, but he was the _____________ of all.

A quickest B quicker C most quick D quickly E quicken

18. They are going to have an accident because the driver is driving _____________.

A carefully B careless C carelessly D carefulness E carelessness

19. The house _____________ is white in color is ours..

A which B whose C who D whom E what

20. Which of the following questions is the most appropriate one for this answer, “She is the captain.”

A	What is she?	B	Whom is she?	C Where is she?
D	Who is she?	E	Whose is she?

21. Catherine is sitting on my left and mariam is sitting on my right. I am sitting _____________ Catherine and Mariam.

A beside B between C next D behind E in front

22. He hurried home _____________ he could meet his friend.

A in order to B because C so that D so as to E for that

23. Schola is a beautiful girl. The word “Schola” has been used as _____________.

A an adjective B a pronoun C an adverb D a preposition E a noun

24. A man was walking _____________ his friend last Thursday.

A beside B besides C before D beneath E in front

25. John _____________ the teachers were in the office.

A with B together C also D and E both

26. The river flows _____________ the two mountains.

A along B among C between D in E by

27. These children are _____________ eating nor drinking.

A neither B so C either D both E never

28. Freddy put _____________ pepper in his food..

A many B a little C a few D any E small

29. Mary is going to the stadium _____________ her hand.

A by B and C with D or E at

30. I am not talking to you, _____________

A do I. B am I. C was I? D do I? E am I?

SECTION B: VOCABULARY

For each of the following questions, choose the correct answer and shade its letterin the answer sheet provided.

31. The father to your father is called __________.

A	father of father	B	big father	C grand fatherly
D	grandfather	E	father’s father

32. My mother sold a __________ of banana.

A bunch B bunches C heap D branch E group

33. The noise in the club house was too loud to hear the police __________ outside.

A bells B horns C alarm D bang E sirens

34. A word “twice” means __________.

A too times B two C two times D three times E second

35. The evening meal is called __________.

A food B lunch C breakfast D dinner E dish

36. When people are sick, they should see the __________ for treatment.

A teacher B actor C doctor D guardian E preacher

SECTION C: COMPOSITION

This section has four mixed sentences. Arrange the sentences so as to make a good composition by giving them letters A-D. Shade the letterof the correct answerin your answer sheet.

37. I quickly have breakfast.

38. I wake up early in the morning at 06:00am.

39. I run to school ready for class.

40. I then brush my teeth and wash my face.

SECTION D: COMPREHENSION

Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions that follow by shading the letter of the correct answer in your answer sheet.

Some time ago, there was a man and his wife called Mr and MrsMkombozi who lived an ordinary life at Kunoga village. They had three children, Juma, Musa and Jamila. Juma worked very hard at school and managed to go to secondary school. He was finally employed as a teacher at a neighbouring primary school.

One day Juma talked to his father on the phone and told him that he would send them a Tsh. 100,000 for their up keep. When MrMkombozi heard that, he was excited about the money and started planning how to spend it. He decided to share this with his family. He told them of his plans to build a poultry house for keeping layers (chickens which lay egg).

His son Musa said that he would be the one to collect the eggs while Jamila would do the cleaning. Jamila was annoyed and said she would be the one to collect the eggs and Musa would do the cleaning. This quarrel went on until they started fighting.

When their mother saw them fighting she went over to stop them. She was surprised to hear that they were fighting over the collection of eggs while the chicken had not yet been bought. Even the money for buying the chickens was not yet sent by their brother Juma.

41. Where was mr.Mkombozi’s family residing?

A NamangaB MazigoC Kaone D Songambele EKunoga.

42. What made Juma go to secondary school?

A	His hardworking spirit	B	His primary education
C	His teachers’ help	D	His parents’ force

E His sister’s advice.

43. How many sons did MrMkombozi have?

A One B Two C Four D Three E Five.

44. What did Juma tell his father?

A	He would buy him 100,000 chickens			B He would give him chickens
C	He would buy him a phone			D He would send him Tsh. 100,000
E	He would send them eggs.
45. Who stopped the fighting?
A	A friend	B	A teacher	C The mother
D	The father	E	Juma.

46. What did MrMkombozi decide to do with the money?

A	To buy layers	B	To collect eggs	C To clean the house
D	To buy eggs	E	To pay the workers.

47.The word “quarrel” means, __________.

A	to agree with each other	B	to fight with each other
C	to accept each other	D	to disagree with each other

E to respect each other

48. Why was MrMkombozi excited?

A His daughter promised to give him some money

B His mother promised to give him some money

C His son promised to give him some money

D His son sent him some money

E He was collecting eggs.

49. Who wanted to collect the eggs?

A	MrMkombozi	B	MrsMkombozi
C	Musa and Juma	D	Jamila and Juma

E Musa and Jamila.

50. Why were Juma and Jamila fighting?

A. For the chickens.

B. For the money.

C. For the poultry house

D. For the eggs

E. For the cleanliness

.

THE LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH

V1 Base Form	V2 Past Simple	V3 Past Participle	kiswahili
awake	awoke	awoken	amsha
be	was, were	been	kuwa
beat	beat	beaten	piga
become	became	become	kuwa
begin	began	begun	anza
bend	bent	bent	inama
bet	bet	bet	Chezakekundu
bid	bid	bid	Nunua/lipia
bite	bit	bitten	Ng’ata
blow	blew	blown	Vuma/puliza
break	broke	broken	vunja
bring	brought	brought	leta
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast	tangaza
build	built	built	jenga
burn	burned or burnt	burned or burnt	choma
buy	bought	bought	nunua
catch	caught	caught	kamata
choose	chose	chosen	chagua
come	came	come	njooo
cost	cost	cost	gharimu
cut	cut	cut	kata
dig	dug	dug	Chimba/lima
do	did	done	fanya
draw	drew	drawn	chora
dream	dreamed or dreamt	dreamed or dreamt	Ota ndoto
drive	drove	driven	endesha
drink	drank	drunk	kunywa
eat	ate	eaten	kula
fall	fell	fallen	anguka
feel	felt	felt	hisi
fight	fought	fought	pigana
find	found	found	tafuta
fly	flew	flown	Rukajuu
forget	forgot	forgotten	sahaau
forgive	forgave	forgiven	samehe
freeze	froze	frozen	Ganda/gandisha
get	got	got (gotten)	pata
give	gave	given	toa
go	went	gone	nenda
grow	grew	grown	kua
hang	hung	hung	Ning’iniza
have	had	had	miliki
hear	heard	heard	sikia
hide	hid	hidden	ficha
hit	hit	hit	gonga
hold	held	held	shikilia
hurt	hurt	hurt	umiza
keep	kept	kept	tunza
know	knew	known	Jua/fahamu
lay	laid	laid	laza
lead	led	led	ongoza
learn	learned or learnt	learned or learnt	kujifunza
leave	left	left	Ondoka/acha
lend	lent	lent	azimisha
let	let	let	ruhusu
lie	lay	lain	danganya
lose	lost	lost	poteza
make	made	made	Fanya/tengeneza
mean	meant	meant	maanisha
meet	met	met	kukutana
pay	paid	paid	lipa
put	put	put	weka
read	read	read	soma
ride	rode	ridden	Endeshabaiskeli
ring	rang	rung	Gongakengele

rise	rose	risen	Chomoza/kua
run	ran	run	kimbia
say	said	said	sema
see	saw	seen	ona
sell	sold	sold	uza
send	sent	sent	tuma

show	showed	Showed/ shown	Onesha/onyesha
shut	shut	shut	Fungamlango
sing	sang	sung	imba
sink	sank	sunk	Zama majini
sit	sat	sat	kaa
sleep	slept	slept	lala
speak	spoke	spoken	ongea
spend	spent	spent	tumia
stand	stood	stood	simama
stink	stank	stunk	nuka
swim	swam	swum	ogelea
take	took	taken	chukua
teach	taught	taught	fundisha
tear	tore	torn	chana
tell	told	told	simulia
think	thought	thought	fikiria
throw	threw	thrown	tupa
understand	understood	understood	elewa
wake	woke	woken	Damkakitandani
wear	wore	worn	vaa
win	won	won	shinda
write	wrote	written	andika

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Crystal, D. (1997). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2^ndedition: England. Cambridge University Press.

Dr. Sunday A.B. (2012).SPEECH WRITING: National Open University of Nigeria

Easypacelearning.com (----). Learning Basic Grammar Book 2.

Jonathan Coolidge, Jonathan (2007). GRAMMAR, SPEAKING AND LISTENING ACTIVITIES.

Kennedy, G. (2003). Structure and Meaning in English: Great Britain. Pearson Education Limited.

Murphy, R. (2000). Essential English Grammar with Answers, 2^ndedition: Newyork. Cambridge University Press.

Robert, N. B. (2011 Third edition). Introduction to English Syntax: Great Britain .Pearson Education Limited

Yule, G. (2006). Oxford Practice Advanced Grammar: Newyork, Oxford University Press

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL BY KAJANA

FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL

4) Modal verbs: are verbs which are used with the other verbs to express an idea such as possibility that is not expressed by the main verb of the sentence.

3.1 ANTONYMS These are words which show the opposite

PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT

Examples

PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE WILL changes into WOULDExamples:

FUTURE CONTINUOUS WILL BE changes into WOULD BE

TOPIC 10. FAMILY TREE

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3.1 ANTONYMS
These are words which show the opposite