. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
TOPIC 4. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
In
English, the verb form which indicates whether the subject (person or object)
of a sentence do something or something has been done on the subject called the
voice
For example, when a
sentence has one auxiliary verb, such as am, are, is, been, being, be, and past
participle of verbs like written, driven, drawn, known, learnt, broken,
discovered; the sentence is a passive voice.
·
The
sentence must have objects (transitive verb). If there is no object then there
must be question word who asks the object.
·
Object
active sentence became the subject of passive sentences.
·
Subject
or active sentences into passive sentences that preceded the object word “by”.
·
The
verb used is verb III (past participle) which proceeded by to be.
·
The
adjusted sentence structure by tenses.
1. The places of subject
and object are interchanged i.e. the object shifts to the place of subject and
subject shifts to the place of object in passive voice.
Example:
Active voice: I write a letter. Passive voice: A letter is written
by me.
Subject (I) of sentence
shifted to the place of object (letter) and object (letter) shifted to the
place of subject (I) in passive voice.
2. 3rd form of verb (past
participle) is always used as main verb in sentences of passive voice for all
tenses. Base form of verb or present participle will be never used in passive
voice.
The word “by” is used
before subject in sentences in passive voice.
Example:
Active voice: He sings a song. Passive voice: A song is sung by
him.
3. The word “by” is not
always used before subject in passive voice. Sometimes words “with, to, etc”
may also be used before subject in passive voice.
Examples:
Active voice: The water fills the
tub. Passive voice: The tub is filled with
water. Active voice: He knows me. Passive voice: I am known to him.
4. Auxiliary verbs are used
passive voice according to the tense of sentence.
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
I
|
Me
|
you
|
You
|
he
|
Him
|
she
|
Her
|
it
|
It
|
they
|
Them
|
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
Formula: Subject +
infinitive + object
|
Formula: object + is/are+
past participle + by +subject
|
Examples:
Simson cares the lion
|
The lion is cared by
Simson
|
Ana does the homework
|
The homework is done by
Ana
|
They sell that house
|
That house is sold by
them
|
Jessica always plays the
piano
|
The piano is always
played by Jessica
|
She buys a book
|
A book is bought by her
|
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
Formula: Subject + to be
(is, am, are) + present participle + object
|
Formula: o + is/are+
being + past participle + by +subject
|
Examples:
She is doing her homework
|
The homework is being
done by her
|
He is waiting for Dewi
|
Dewi is being waited by
him
|
They are giving the
present
|
The present is being given
by them
|
Bobby is drawing a nice
scenery
|
A nice scenery is being
drawn by Bobby
|
Ratna is writing the
letter
|
The letter is being
written by Ratna
|
|
|
|
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
Formula: Subject + past
participle + object
|
Formula: o + was/were +
past participle + by +s
|
Examples:
She cleaned the house
|
The house was cleaned by
her
|
Jeffri bought a new car
|
A new car was bought by
Jeffri
|
The teacher called the
students
|
The students were called
by the teacher
|
She saved her money
|
Her money was saved by
her
|
Rina paid all her
purchase
|
Her purchase were paid by
Rina
|
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
Formula: S + was/were +
being + past participle + object
|
Formula: o + was/were +
being + past participle + by +subject
|
Examples:
I was waiting for Dina
|
Dina was being waited by
me
|
She was reading a novel
|
A novel was being read by
her
|
Andi was learning an
English
|
An English was being
learnt by Andi
|
They are building the
house
|
The house being built by
them
|
He was playing a kite
|
A kite was being played
by him
|
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
Formula: Subject + had +
past participle + object
|
Formula: o + had been +
past participle + by +subject
|
Examples:
He had left that place
|
That place had been left
by him
|
I had finished my work
|
My work had been finished
by me
|
She had missed the last
bus
|
The last bus had been
missed by her
|
He had posted the
letter
|
The letter had been
posted by him
|
Rudi had completed his
speech
|
His speech had been
completed by Rudi
|
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
Formula: Subject + will +
infinitive + object
|
Formula: S + will + be +
past participle + by +subject
|
Examples:
I shall read a newspaper
|
A newspaper will be read
by me
|
She will sing a beautiful
song
|
A beautiful song will be
sung by her
|
Budi will repair his
bicycle
|
His bicycle will be
repaired by Budi
|
They will pay the tax
|
The tax will be paid by
them
|
We shall start this
meeting
|
This meeting will be
started by us
|
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
Formula: Subject + will
be + present participle + object
|
Formula: S + will + be + being
+ past participle + by +subject
|
Examples:
He will be doing a test
tomorrow
|
A test will be being done
by him tomorrow
|
They will be watching
movie on next Saturday
|
The movie will be being
watched by them on next Saturday
|
Mita will be increasing
her value next time
|
Her value will be being
increased by Mita next time
|
She will be applying a
job tomorrow
|
A job will be being
applied by her tomorrow
|
Sinta will be learning
her lesson next week
|
Her lesson will be being
learnt by Sinta
|
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
Formula: Subject + would
+ infinitive + object
|
Formula: S + would + be
+past participle + by +subject
|
Examples:
I would buy a book
tomorrow
|
A book would be bought by
me
|
They would play football
next time
|
Football would be played
by them next time
|
Mita would wash her shoes
tomorrow
|
Her shoes would be washed
by Nita tomorrow
|
My father would use
Blackberry tomorrow
|
Blackberry would be used
by my father tomorrow
|
I would sell my laptop
next week
|
My laptop would be sold
next week
|
1. Present
perfect continuous tense
2. Past
perfect continuous tense
3. Future
perfect continuous tense
This modal applies to all
subjects. The sentence patterns are:
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
S + can + infinitive +
object
|
S + can be + past
participle + by object
|
Examples:
She can sell the car
every time.
|
The car can be sold by
her every time.
|
Can she play a violin?
|
Can a violin be played by
her?
|
To
change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the
word not after can. The sentence patterns are:
S + can not + infinitive
+ object
|
S + can not be + past
participle + object
|
Risky can not buy this
car every time.
|
This car can not be
bought by Risky every time.
|
This modal applies to all
subjects. The sentence patterns are:
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
S + may + infinitive +
object
|
S + may be + past
participle + by object
|
Examples:
He may sell the house.
|
The house may be sold by
him.
|
May I buy the computer?
|
May the computer be
bought by me?
|
To
change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the
word not after may.
I may not buy the
computer.
|
The computer may not be
bought by me.
|
This modal applies to all
subjects. The sentence patterns are:
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
S + must + infinitive +
object
|
S + must be + past
participle + by object
|
Examples:
He must finish his duty
in a week.
|
His duty must be finished
by him in a week.
|
To
change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the
word not after must.
Dewi must not open the
gate every morning.
|
The gate must not be
opened by Dewi every morning.
|
This modal applies to all
subjects. The sentence patterns are:
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
S + might + infinitive +
object
|
S + might be + past
participle + by object
|
Examples:
He might meet Dewi.
|
Dewi might be met by him.
|
To
change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the
word not after might.
Guests might not play
chess.
|
Chess might not be played
guests.
|
Active voice: MAY HAVE
|
Active voice: MAY HAVE
BEEN
|
You may have availed the
opportunity.
|
The opportunity may have
been availed by you.
|
You may not have availed
the opportunity.
|
The opportunity may not
have been availed by you.
|
Active voice: MIGHT HAVE
|
Active voice: MIGHT HAVE
BEEN
|
He might have eaten meal.
|
Meal might have been
eaten by him.
|
He might not have eaten
meal.
|
Meal might not have been
eaten by him.
|
Active voice: SHOULD HAVE
|
Active voice: SHOULD HAVE
BEEN
|
You should have studied
the book.
|
The book should have been
studied by you.
|
You should not have
studied the book.
|
The book should have not
been studied by you.
|
Active voice: MUST HAVE
|
Active voice: MUST HAVE
BEEN
|
He must have started job.
|
Job must have been started
by you.
|
He must not have started
job.
|
Job must not have been
started by you.
|
Active voice: OUGHT TO
HAVE
|
Active voice: OUGHT TO
HAVE BEEN
|
You ought to have helped
him.
|
He ought to have been
helped by you
|
The form of the verb is the same as that of a
verb in the Simple Future Tense, i.e., modal auxiliary + be + III form.
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
You can do this
work.
|
This work can be
done by you.
|
Police could not
catch the thief.
|
The thief could
not be caught by police.
|
You may
read this book.
|
This book may be
read by you.
|
He might suffer a
great loss.
|
A great loss might
be suffered by him.
|
You should
respect your parents.
|
Your parents should
be respected by you.
|
She would teach us
today.
|
We would be
taught by her today.
|
We must help the
poor.
|
The poor must be
helped by us.
|
We ought to
respect our elders.
|
Our elders ought
to be respected by us.
|
Passive Voice
|
Active Voice
|
A scholarship may
be won by her.
|
She may win a
scholarship.
|
Could this sum be solved by
you?
|
Could you solve this
sum?
|
Should cards be
played at by us?
|
Should we play at
cards.
|
By whom could he be helped?
|
Who could help him?
|
A sentence that expresses a
command, or a request or an advice, or an entreaty is called an Imperative
Sentence or Desire.
The object you is generally
missing in Imperative Sentences. The structure of such sentences in Passive
Voice is: Let + object + be/not be + V3
In sentences which express
request, advice and order, such phrases as, You are requested to/advised to
/ordered to are used.
Word kindly/please are
dropped.
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
Do it.
|
Let it be done.
|
Call in the doctor.
|
Let the doctor be
called in.
|
Never tell a
lie.
|
Let a lie be
never told
|
Shut the door.
|
Let the door be
shut.
|
Do not starve the cow.
|
Let the cow not
be starved
|
Stand up.
|
You are ordered to stand up.
|
Kindly lend me some money.
|
You are requested to lend me some money.
|
Work hard.
|
You are advised to work hard
|
Don not do it.
|
You are forbidden to do it. or Let
it be not done
|
Passive Voice
|
Active Voice
|
You are ordered to open the door.
|
Open the door.
|
You are requested to come here.
|
Come here please.
|
Let the light be
witched on.
|
Switch on the light.
|
Let your parents be
obeyed.
|
Obey your parents.
|
Active Voice
|
Passive Voice
|
to + V1
|
to + be + V3
|
I have to do this work.
|
This work has to be done.
|
I want to buy this book.
|
I want this book to be
bought.
|
Women like men to flatter
them.
|
Women like to be
flattered by men.
|
There is no shop to let.
|
There is no shop to be
let. infinitive ‘to’
|
I made him stand up.
|
He was made to stand up
by me.
|
I saw him cross the road.
|
He was seen to cross the
road (by me).
|
It
is time to
It is time to do this
work.
|
It is time for this work
to be done.
|
It is time to call the
roll.
|
It is time for the roll
to be called.
|
Passive Voice
|
Active Voice
|
I expect her to be
brought round.
|
I expect to bring her
round.
|
A pen is to be written
with.
|
A pen is to write with.
|
It is time for the race
to be run.
|
It is time to run the
race.
|
They should he invited by
us.
|
We should invite them.
|
Labels: ACADEMIC
posted by prof semeka @ November 24, 2018
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